Net lending (+) / net borrowing (-) (% of GDP) by country
Net lending (+) / net borrowing (–) equals government revenue minus expense, minus net investment in nonfinancial assets. It is also equal to the net result of transactions in financial assets and liabilities. Net lending/net borrowing is a summary measure indicating the extent to which government is either putting...
Countries reporting
156
Highest
15.1%
Nauru
Lowest
-17.8%
Ukraine
Median
-2.3%
Years covered
53
1972–2024
Data points
5,229
What the numbers show
Net lending (+) / net borrowing (-) (% of GDP) is currently reported for 156 countries. The highest value is 15.1% in Nauru; the lowest is -17.8% in Ukraine.
The median across all reporting countries is -2.3%, and the mean is -2.2%.
Over the past decade 66 countries rose and 86 fell. The largest increase was in Kyrgyzstan (up 8,592.7%), and the largest decrease in Zimbabwe (down 2,099.8%).
Net lending (+) / net borrowing (-): full country ranking
| # | Country | Latest | Year | 10-year change | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Nauru | 15.1% | 2024 | up 76.3% | volatile |
| 2 | Norway | 13.6% | 2024 | up 49.3% | volatile |
| 3 | Equatorial Guinea | 11.5% | 2022 | up 258.2% | volatile |
| 4 | Lesotho | 7.2% | 2024 | up 123.9% | volatile |
| 5 | Seychelles | 7.2% | 2008 | up 151.2% | volatile |
| 6 | Macao | 7.0% | 2024 | down 71.0% | volatile |
| 7 | Micronesia (country) | 6.9% | 2020 | up 598.4% | volatile |
| 8 | Tonga | 5.3% | 2023 | up 824.4% | volatile |
| 9 | Marshall Islands | 5.0% | 2020 | up 43.3% | volatile |
| 10 | Ireland | 4.4% | 2024 | up 220.9% | volatile |
| 11 | Samoa | 4.4% | 2023 | up 216.2% | volatile |
| 12 | Denmark | 4.2% | 2024 | up 235.1% | volatile |
| 13 | Cyprus | 4.2% | 2024 | up 147.2% | volatile |
| 14 | Azerbaijan | 3.9% | 2024 | down 15.3% | volatile |
| 15 | Singapore | 3.4% | 2024 | down 51.5% | volatile |
| 16 | Kyrgyzstan | 3.2% | 2024 | up 8,592.7% | volatile |
| 17 | Nicaragua | 2.3% | 2024 | up 935.9% | volatile |
| 18 | Andorra | 2.3% | 2024 | down 4.0% | volatile |
| 19 | Iraq | 2.0% | 2019 | up 172.4% | volatile |
| 20 | Mongolia | 1.8% | 2024 | up 153.7% | volatile |
| 21 | East Timor | 1.6% | 2022 | down 99.3% | volatile |
| 22 | Russia | 1.6% | 2024 | up 269.4% | volatile |
| 23 | Congo | 1.3% | 2021 | down 91.9% | volatile |
| 24 | Belarus | 1.3% | 2024 | up 200.6% | volatile |
| 25 | Bolivia | 1.2% | 2007 | up 140.3% | volatile |
| 26 | Greece | 1.2% | 2024 | up 129.9% | volatile |
| 27 | San Marino | 1.2% | 2023 | — | volatile |
| 28 | Lebanon | 1.2% | 2024 | up 114.4% | rising |
| 29 | Luxembourg | 0.8% | 2024 | down 23.3% | volatile |
| 30 | Vanuatu | 0.7% | 2023 | up 409.0% | volatile |
| 31 | Switzerland | 0.5% | 2024 | up 54.7% | volatile |
| 32 | Iran | 0.5% | 2009 | up 304.0% | volatile |
| 33 | Portugal | 0.4% | 2024 | up 105.3% | volatile |
| 34 | United Arab Emirates | 0.4% | 2024 | up 576.5% | volatile |
| 35 | Afghanistan | 0.4% | 2017 | up 120.3% | volatile |
| 36 | Laos | 0.2% | 2022 | up 128.7% | volatile |
| 37 | Somalia | 0.2% | 2024 | up 329.9% | volatile |
| 38 | Argentina | 0.1% | 2024 | up 102.6% | volatile |
| 39 | Ecuador | -0.0% | 2022 | up 99.9% | rising |
| 40 | Tajikistan | -0.2% | 2024 | — | volatile |
| 41 | Costa Rica | -0.5% | 2024 | up 91.1% | volatile |
| 42 | Burundi | -0.6% | 2021 | up 79.8% | rising |
| 43 | Slovenia | -0.6% | 2024 | up 86.6% | volatile |
| 44 | Netherlands | -0.6% | 2024 | up 68.4% | volatile |
| 45 | Sweden | -0.7% | 2024 | up 41.7% | volatile |
| 46 | Saint Lucia | -0.9% | 2017 | down 321.9% | volatile |
| 47 | Guatemala | -0.9% | 2024 | up 53.1% | volatile |
| 48 | Albania | -1.0% | 2024 | up 66.8% | volatile |
| 49 | Iceland | -1.1% | 2023 | down 34.6% | volatile |
| 50 | Kazakhstan | -1.1% | 2023 | down 123.3% | volatile |
| 51 | Belize | -1.2% | 2017 | down 276.9% | volatile |
| 52 | Canada | -1.2% | 2024 | down 223.2% | volatile |
| 53 | Bahamas | -1.2% | 2024 | up 72.0% | volatile |
| 54 | Lithuania | -1.3% | 2024 | up 34.0% | volatile |
| 55 | Angola | -1.3% | 2024 | up 85.9% | volatile |
| 56 | Estonia | -1.3% | 2024 | down 235.8% | volatile |
| 57 | Australia | -1.3% | 2022 | up 56.9% | volatile |
| 58 | Kiribati | -1.4% | 2023 | down 107.6% | volatile |
| 59 | Croatia | -1.4% | 2023 | up 74.0% | volatile |
| 60 | Gabon | -1.5% | 2021 | down 185.4% | volatile |
| 61 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | -1.5% | 2024 | up 62.9% | volatile |
| 62 | Thailand | -1.5% | 2024 | down 76.1% | volatile |
| 63 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | -1.5% | 2017 | up 35.2% | volatile |
| 64 | Indonesia | -1.6% | 2009 | up 9.5% | volatile |
| 65 | Germany | -1.7% | 2024 | down 345.6% | volatile |
| 66 | Ghana | -1.7% | 2023 | up 79.5% | falling |
| 67 | Sudan | -1.7% | 2016 | up 48.7% | volatile |
| 68 | South Korea | -1.8% | 2024 | down 287.5% | volatile |
| 69 | Madagascar | -1.9% | 2024 | down 0.0% | volatile |
| 70 | Ethiopia | -1.9% | 2024 | up 28.5% | rising |
| 71 | Solomon Islands | -1.9% | 2024 | down 190.0% | volatile |
| 72 | Latvia | -2.0% | 2024 | down 44.6% | volatile |
| 73 | El Salvador | -2.1% | 2024 | up 10.1% | volatile |
| 74 | Democratic Republic of Congo | -2.1% | 2022 | down 443.2% | volatile |
| 75 | Paraguay | -2.1% | 2024 | down 675.9% | volatile |
| 76 | Georgia | -2.1% | 2024 | up 3.3% | volatile |
| 77 | Fiji | -2.2% | 2024 | down 66.2% | volatile |
| 78 | Saint Kitts and Nevis | -2.3% | 2020 | up 36.0% | volatile |
| 79 | New Zealand | -2.3% | 2024 | down 432.9% | volatile |
| 80 | Tanzania | -2.4% | 2024 | up 14.9% | volatile |
| 81 | Saudi Arabia | -2.5% | 2024 | up 27.8% | volatile |
| 82 | Bhutan | -2.5% | 2020 | down 239.1% | volatile |
| 83 | Bulgaria | -2.6% | 2024 | up 50.7% | volatile |
| 84 | Belgium | -2.7% | 2024 | up 0.5% | volatile |
| 85 | Cameroon | -2.8% | 2021 | down 79.0% | volatile |
| 86 | Czechia | -2.8% | 2024 | down 22.0% | volatile |
| 87 | Chile | -2.8% | 2024 | down 78.6% | volatile |
| 88 | Bangladesh | -2.8% | 2021 | down 243.0% | volatile |
| 89 | Jamaica | -2.8% | 2020 | up 55.1% | volatile |
| 90 | Dominican Republic | -2.9% | 2024 | down 11.0% | volatile |
| 91 | Turkey | -3.0% | 2024 | down 1,198.6% | volatile |
| 92 | Serbia | -3.1% | 2022 | up 44.4% | volatile |
| 93 | Uruguay | -3.1% | 2024 | — | volatile |
| 94 | Spain | -3.2% | 2024 | up 33.0% | volatile |
| 95 | Zambia | -3.2% | 2024 | up 43.8% | volatile |
| 96 | Peru | -3.2% | 2021 | down 347.6% | volatile |
| 97 | Papua New Guinea | -3.3% | 2024 | up 47.1% | volatile |
| 98 | Cambodia | -3.3% | 2023 | down 58.3% | volatile |
| 99 | Italy | -3.4% | 2024 | down 14.9% | volatile |
| 100 | Finland | -3.5% | 2024 | down 53.2% | volatile |
| 101 | Mali | -3.5% | 2020 | down 88.2% | volatile |
| 102 | Malta | -3.5% | 2024 | down 131.1% | volatile |
| 103 | Austria | -3.6% | 2024 | down 85.3% | volatile |
| 104 | Zimbabwe | -3.6% | 2018 | down 2,099.8% | volatile |
| 105 | Armenia | -3.6% | 2024 | down 104.8% | volatile |
| 106 | Myanmar | -3.6% | 2019 | down 327.2% | volatile |
| 107 | Rwanda | -4.0% | 2023 | down 124.0% | rising |
| 108 | Niger | -4.0% | 1980 | — | falling |
| 109 | Central African Republic | -4.0% | 2021 | up 32.4% | volatile |
| 110 | Uzbekistan | -4.1% | 2023 | down 204.6% | volatile |
| 111 | Malaysia | -4.1% | 2024 | down 25.4% | volatile |
| 112 | Barbados | -4.1% | 2016 | down 133.7% | falling |
| 113 | Botswana | -4.2% | 2023 | down 174.5% | volatile |
| 114 | Mozambique | -4.3% | 2024 | down 77.9% | volatile |
| 115 | Uganda | -4.3% | 2024 | down 104.6% | falling |
| 116 | North Macedonia | -4.3% | 2024 | down 0.2% | volatile |
| 117 | Morocco | -4.4% | 2023 | up 7.3% | volatile |
| 118 | Hungary | -4.5% | 2024 | down 8.3% | volatile |
| 119 | Honduras | -4.5% | 2020 | down 51.8% | volatile |
| 120 | Poland | -4.5% | 2023 | down 12.9% | flat |
| 121 | Eswatini | -4.6% | 2021 | up 42.8% | volatile |
| 122 | Colombia | -4.6% | 2024 | down 11.3% | volatile |
| 123 | Jordan | -4.7% | 2023 | up 4.8% | volatile |
| 124 | Namibia | -4.7% | 2024 | up 56.0% | volatile |
| 125 | South Africa | -4.8% | 2024 | down 39.5% | volatile |
| 126 | Tunisia | -4.8% | 2012 | down 125.2% | volatile |
| 127 | Senegal | -4.9% | 2023 | down 30.2% | falling |
| 128 | Moldova | -5.0% | 2023 | down 243.5% | volatile |
| 129 | France | -5.2% | 2024 | down 21.5% | volatile |
| 130 | India | -5.3% | 2022 | down 39.7% | volatile |
| 131 | Burkina Faso | -5.4% | 2024 | down 211.0% | falling |
| 132 | Cote d'Ivoire | -5.4% | 2023 | down 227.2% | volatile |
| 133 | Slovakia | -5.4% | 2024 | down 70.8% | volatile |
| 134 | Kuwait | -5.6% | 1998 | down 116.3% | volatile |
| 135 | Philippines | -5.7% | 2024 | down 1,097.5% | volatile |
| 136 | Brazil | -5.7% | 2024 | down 5.9% | falling |
| 137 | Nepal | -5.9% | 2023 | down 491.7% | volatile |
| 138 | Mexico | -5.9% | 2024 | down 48.3% | volatile |
| 139 | Togo | -6.2% | 2023 | down 188.2% | volatile |
| 140 | United Kingdom | -6.9% | 2024 | down 0.3% | volatile |
| 141 | United States | -7.2% | 2024 | down 94.2% | volatile |
| 142 | Guinea-Bissau | -8.0% | 2024 | down 439.0% | volatile |
| 143 | Mauritius | -8.1% | 2024 | down 291.2% | volatile |
| 144 | Israel | -8.2% | 2024 | down 259.9% | volatile |
| 145 | Panama | -8.2% | 2024 | down 133.4% | falling |
| 146 | Romania | -8.8% | 2024 | down 419.1% | volatile |
| 147 | Sri Lanka | -9.2% | 2023 | down 81.1% | falling |
| 148 | Cape Verde | -9.4% | 2020 | down 25.9% | volatile |
| 149 | Palau | -9.5% | 2020 | down 877.6% | volatile |
| 150 | Kenya | -10.0% | 2023 | down 99.8% | falling |
| 151 | Maldives | -10.1% | 2021 | down 48.9% | volatile |
| 152 | Trinidad and Tobago | -10.6% | 2019 | down 114.4% | volatile |
| 153 | Egypt | -10.7% | 2015 | down 66.3% | volatile |
| 154 | Malawi | -11.8% | 2024 | down 254.6% | volatile |
| 155 | Bahrain | -12.4% | 2020 | down 170.4% | volatile |
| 156 | Ukraine | -17.8% | 2024 | down 267.3% | volatile |
Regions and income groups
Aggregates are excluded from the country ranking above so that a region can never outrank a country.
- Europe & Central Asia (IDA & IBRD countries) -1.2%
- Other small states -1.8%
- Pacific island small states -1.8%
- Small states -2.2%
- Lower middle income -2.4%
- Europe & Central Asia -2.4%
- Least developed countries: UN classification -2.5%
- European Union -2.6%
- Euro area -2.7%
- Early-demographic dividend -3.6%
- Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income) -3.6%
- Africa Eastern and Southern -3.6%
About this data
Net lending (+) / net borrowing (–) equals government revenue minus expense, minus net investment in nonfinancial assets. It is also equal to the net result of transactions in financial assets and liabilities. Net lending/net borrowing is a summary measure indicating the extent to which government is either putting financial resources at the disposal of other sectors in the economy or abroad, or utilizing the financial resources generated by other sectors in the economy or from abroad. This indicator is expressed as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) which is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period.