Technicians in R&D (per million people) by country
The number of technicians participated in Research & Development (R&D), expressed as per million. Technicians and equivalent staff are people who perform scientific and technical tasks involving the application of concepts and operational methods, normally under the supervision of researchers. R&D covers basic...
Countries reporting
75
Highest
3,166 per million people
Luxembourg
Lowest
3.62 per million people
Togo
Median
325.14 per million people
Years covered
23
1996–2018
Data points
1,196
What the numbers show
Technicians in R&D (per million people) is currently reported for 75 countries. The highest value is 3,166 per million people in Luxembourg; the lowest is 3.62 per million people in Togo.
The median across all reporting countries is 325.14 per million people, and the mean is 631.26 per million people.
The gap between the highest and lowest reporting country is a factor of about 875.
Over the past decade 43 countries rose and 31 fell. The largest increase was in Ecuador (up 380.9%), and the largest decrease in Myanmar (down 86.3%).
Technicians in R&D: full country ranking
| # | Country | Latest | Year | 10-year change | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Luxembourg | 3,166 per million people | 2017 | up 13.8% | falling |
| 2 | Austria | 2,648 per million people | 2017 | up 35.2% | rising |
| 3 | Switzerland | 2,620 per million people | 2017 | down 8.2% | rising |
| 4 | Iceland | 2,371 per million people | 2017 | up 40.0% | rising |
| 5 | Czechia | 2,186 per million people | 2018 | up 50.6% | rising |
| 6 | Denmark | 2,124 per million people | 2011 | up 6.8% | rising |
| 7 | Netherlands | 2,038 per million people | 2011 | up 47.9% | rising |
| 8 | Germany | 2,007 per million people | 2017 | up 52.2% | rising |
| 9 | Slovenia | 1,814 per million people | 2017 | up 18.2% | rising |
| 10 | France | 1,806 per million people | 2017 | down 1.1% | flat |
| 11 | Belgium | 1,378 per million people | 2011 | down 5.4% | rising |
| 12 | South Korea | 1,311 per million people | 2018 | up 63.8% | rising |
| 13 | United Kingdom | 1,305 per million people | 2016 | up 79.9% | rising |
| 14 | New Zealand | 1,276 per million people | 2017 | up 44.0% | rising |
| 15 | Canada | 1,268 per million people | 2017 | down 36.0% | rising |
| 16 | Spain | 1,265 per million people | 2017 | up 14.2% | rising |
| 17 | Ireland | 1,165 per million people | 2017 | up 71.4% | rising |
| 18 | Australia | 1,136 per million people | 2008 | up 42.8% | rising |
| 19 | Brazil | 969.9 per million people | 2014 | up 115.4% | rising |
| 20 | Malta | 885.98 per million people | 2017 | up 35.3% | rising |
| 21 | Portugal | 780.06 per million people | 2017 | up 92.2% | rising |
| 22 | Hungary | 770.31 per million people | 2017 | up 50.2% | rising |
| 23 | Croatia | 714.11 per million people | 2017 | up 9.5% | rising |
| 24 | Estonia | 654.85 per million people | 2017 | up 9.4% | rising |
| 25 | Greece | 585.1 per million people | 2011 | down 32.4% | rising |
| 26 | Japan | 524.29 per million people | 2018 | down 10.8% | falling |
| 27 | Slovakia | 520.63 per million people | 2018 | up 32.8% | falling |
| 28 | Lithuania | 462.48 per million people | 2011 | down 6.9% | falling |
| 29 | Bulgaria | 442.22 per million people | 2011 | down 7.4% | falling |
| 30 | Russia | 437.84 per million people | 2018 | down 10.1% | falling |
| 31 | Poland | 415.27 per million people | 2017 | up 84.5% | flat |
| 32 | Serbia | 412.03 per million people | 2018 | up 37.3% | rising |
| 33 | Argentina | 398.05 per million people | 2018 | up 93.7% | rising |
| 34 | Latvia | 391.19 per million people | 2011 | up 14.1% | rising |
| 35 | Singapore | 377.37 per million people | 2017 | down 27.1% | rising |
| 36 | Egypt | 369.56 per million people | 2018 | up 76.9% | rising |
| 37 | Turkey | 353.74 per million people | 2017 | up 231.7% | volatile |
| 38 | Cyprus | 325.14 per million people | 2017 | down 5.1% | falling |
| 39 | Hong Kong | 315.8 per million people | 2018 | down 4.9% | rising |
| 40 | Chile | 303.47 per million people | 2017 | up 23.9% | rising |
| 41 | Thailand | 296.94 per million people | 2017 | up 107.7% | rising |
| 42 | Romania | 278.82 per million people | 2017 | up 34.5% | falling |
| 43 | Georgia | 241.6 per million people | 2018 | up 76.9% | rising |
| 44 | Malaysia | 233.44 per million people | 2018 | up 240.9% | volatile |
| 45 | Macao | 182.46 per million people | 2018 | down 56.3% | volatile |
| 46 | Montenegro | 156.16 per million people | 2017 | up 51.1% | rising |
| 47 | Panama | 155.13 per million people | 2013 | up 51.6% | rising |
| 48 | Ukraine | 150.14 per million people | 2018 | down 50.5% | falling |
| 49 | Mexico | 140.3 per million people | 2016 | down 21.9% | rising |
| 50 | South Africa | 129.51 per million people | 2017 | up 5.0% | rising |
| 51 | Kazakhstan | 123.86 per million people | 2018 | up 300.1% | volatile |
| 52 | North Macedonia | 91.12 per million people | 2018 | up 11.5% | falling |
| 53 | Ecuador | 89.96 per million people | 2014 | up 380.9% | rising |
| 54 | Sri Lanka | 74.71 per million people | 2015 | down 1.7% | rising |
| 55 | India | 73.06 per million people | 2018 | down 27.4% | falling |
| 56 | Zambia | 64.52 per million people | 2008 | up 308.1% | volatile |
| 57 | Tunisia | 61.74 per million people | 2018 | up 30.5% | rising |
| 58 | Moldova | 60.41 per million people | 2018 | down 39.3% | falling |
| 59 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 50.93 per million people | 2018 | down 29.0% | rising |
| 60 | Uzbekistan | 48.07 per million people | 2018 | down 23.3% | falling |
| 61 | Kuwait | 45.2 per million people | 2018 | up 29.1% | rising |
| 62 | Morocco | 40.25 per million people | 2016 | down 15.5% | falling |
| 63 | Congo | 35.49 per million people | 2000 | — | falling |
| 64 | Ethiopia | 33.26 per million people | 2017 | up 174.3% | rising |
| 65 | Oman | 32.77 per million people | 2018 | down 72.0% | volatile |
| 66 | Pakistan | 31.8 per million people | 2017 | down 52.0% | rising |
| 67 | Mozambique | 26.74 per million people | 2015 | down 25.1% | volatile |
| 68 | Iraq | 22.98 per million people | 2018 | down 61.5% | falling |
| 69 | Myanmar | 18.7 per million people | 2017 | down 86.3% | volatile |
| 70 | Philippines | 17.54 per million people | 2015 | up 68.8% | rising |
| 71 | Madagascar | 12.6 per million people | 2018 | down 49.2% | volatile |
| 72 | Guatemala | 10.96 per million people | 2018 | down 67.8% | flat |
| 73 | Niger | 8.51 per million people | 2013 | down 6.4% | falling |
| 74 | Lesotho | 6.95 per million people | 2015 | down 33.7% | volatile |
| 75 | Togo | 3.62 per million people | 2018 | down 79.4% | volatile |
Regions and income groups
Aggregates are excluded from the country ranking above so that a region can never outrank a country.
- Euro area 1,681 per million people
- European Union 1,421 per million people
- Europe & Central Asia 870.55 per million people
- Central Europe and the Baltics 656.65 per million people
- Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income) 566.35 per million people
- Latin America & the Caribbean (IDA & IBRD countries) 555.4 per million people
- Latin America & Caribbean 555.4 per million people
- Europe & Central Asia (IDA & IBRD countries) 331.39 per million people
- Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income) 223.49 per million people
- South Asia (IDA & IBRD) 73.06 per million people
- South Asia 73.06 per million people
About this data
The number of technicians participated in Research & Development (R&D), expressed as per million. Technicians and equivalent staff are people who perform scientific and technical tasks involving the application of concepts and operational methods, normally under the supervision of researchers. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.