Level of water stress: freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available freshwater resources by country
The level of water stress: freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available freshwater resources is the ratio between total freshwater withdrawn by all major sectors and total renewable freshwater resources, after taking into account environmental water requirements. Main sectors, as defined by ISIC standards,...
Countries reporting
178
Highest
3,850
Kuwait
Lowest
0.0274
Congo
Median
11.1
Years covered
61
1962–2022
Data points
6,200
What the numbers show
Level of water stress: freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available freshwater resources is currently reported for 178 countries. The highest value is 3,850 in Kuwait; the lowest is 0.0274 in Congo.
The median across all reporting countries is 11.1, and the mean is 68.52.
Over the past decade 53 countries rose and 52 fell. The largest increase was in North Macedonia (up 243.2%), and the largest decrease in Bolivia (down 83.0%).
Level of water stress: freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of availa: full country ranking
| # | Country | Latest | Year | 10-year change | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Kuwait | 3,850 | 2022 | up 24.5% | rising |
| 2 | United Arab Emirates | 1,510 | 2022 | down 13.6% | rising |
| 3 | Saudi Arabia | 974.17 | 2022 | up 8.2% | rising |
| 4 | Libya | 817.14 | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 5 | Qatar | 431.03 | 2022 | up 1.6% | rising |
| 6 | Yemen | 169.76 | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 7 | Algeria | 144.81 | 2022 | up 31.9% | rising |
| 8 | Egypt | 141.17 | 2022 | up 7.2% | rising |
| 9 | Turkmenistan | 135.21 | 2022 | down 6.3% | rising |
| 10 | Bahrain | 133.71 | 2022 | down 18.3% | falling |
| 11 | Israel | 132 | 2021 | up 17.6% | falling |
| 12 | Syria | 124.36 | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 13 | Uzbekistan | 123.03 | 2022 | down 14.5% | falling |
| 14 | Sudan | 118.66 | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 15 | Oman | 116.71 | 2022 | up 2.8% | rising |
| 16 | Pakistan | 109.99 | 2022 | down 4.6% | rising |
| 17 | Jordan | 105.2 | 2022 | up 11.9% | rising |
| 18 | Tunisia | 98.11 | 2022 | up 16.4% | rising |
| 19 | Sri Lanka | 90.79 | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 20 | Barbados | 87.5 | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 21 | South Korea | 85.22 | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 22 | Iran | 81.29 | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 23 | Eswatini | 77.56 | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 24 | Malta | 72.6 | 2022 | down 8.6% | rising |
| 25 | Tajikistan | 69.94 | 2022 | down 0.7% | falling |
| 26 | South Africa | 67.6 | 2022 | up 38.1% | rising |
| 27 | India | 66.49 | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 28 | Armenia | 61.97 | 2022 | up 4.5% | rising |
| 29 | Cape Verde | 59.68 | 2022 | up 97.8% | volatile |
| 30 | Iraq | 59.58 | 2022 | down 2.9% | rising |
| 31 | Lebanon | 58.79 | 2022 | up 13.4% | rising |
| 32 | Azerbaijan | 57.53 | 2022 | up 8.8% | falling |
| 33 | Afghanistan | 54.76 | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 34 | Belgium | 52.83 | 2022 | down 18.9% | falling |
| 35 | North Macedonia | 52.55 | 2022 | up 243.2% | rising |
| 36 | Saint Kitts and Nevis | 50.83 | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 37 | Morocco | 50.75 | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 38 | Kyrgyzstan | 50.04 | 2022 | unchanged | falling |
| 39 | Turkey | 47.89 | 2022 | up 27.6% | rising |
| 40 | Palestine | 47.75 | 2021 | up 25.4% | falling |
| 41 | Zimbabwe | 46.09 | 2022 | up 41.9% | rising |
| 42 | Mexico | 44.95 | 2022 | up 44.8% | rising |
| 43 | Spain | 43.25 | 2022 | down 12.8% | falling |
| 44 | China | 41.52 | 2022 | down 5.1% | rising |
| 45 | Bulgaria | 40.24 | 2022 | down 4.7% | falling |
| 46 | Dominican Republic | 39.55 | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 47 | Japan | 36.64 | 2022 | down 1.1% | falling |
| 48 | Germany | 35.35 | 2022 | down 23.3% | falling |
| 49 | Kazakhstan | 34.63 | 2022 | up 10.5% | falling |
| 50 | Singapore | 33.26 | 2022 | down 79.2% | volatile |
| 51 | Kenya | 33.24 | 2022 | up 25.3% | rising |
| 52 | Poland | 32.49 | 2022 | down 18.2% | falling |
| 53 | Ethiopia | 32.26 | 2022 | up 10.2% | rising |
| 54 | Cyprus | 30.48 | 2022 | down 12.7% | rising |
| 55 | Italy | 29.77 | 2022 | down 0.4% | falling |
| 56 | Indonesia | 29.7 | 2022 | up 14.0% | rising |
| 57 | East Timor | 28.27 | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 58 | United States | 28.16 | 2022 | up 3.6% | falling |
| 59 | Philippines | 27.83 | 2022 | up 8.1% | rising |
| 60 | North Korea | 27.74 | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 61 | Denmark | 25.27 | 2022 | up 28.3% | falling |
| 62 | Somalia | 24.53 | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 63 | Cuba | 23.94 | 2022 | up 4.7% | rising |
| 64 | Thailand | 23.01 | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 65 | Mauritius | 22.97 | 2022 | up 8.6% | rising |
| 66 | Czechia | 21.97 | 2022 | down 21.5% | falling |
| 67 | France | 21.38 | 2022 | down 13.0% | falling |
| 68 | Trinidad and Tobago | 20.33 | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 69 | Greece | 20.33 | 2022 | up 1.1% | rising |
| 70 | Rwanda | 20.2 | 2022 | up 43.2% | rising |
| 71 | Puerto Rico | 19.54 | 2022 | down 8.9% | rising |
| 72 | Vietnam | 18.13 | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 73 | Malawi | 17.5 | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 74 | Netherlands | 16.66 | 2022 | down 18.1% | rising |
| 75 | Senegal | 16.28 | 2022 | up 28.0% | rising |
| 76 | Maldives | 15.67 | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 77 | United Kingdom | 14.35 | 2022 | up 5.0% | falling |
| 78 | Saint Lucia | 14.3 | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 79 | Haiti | 13.38 | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 80 | Mauritania | 13.25 | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 81 | Estonia | 13.05 | 2022 | down 26.1% | falling |
| 82 | Tanzania | 12.96 | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 83 | Moldova | 12.56 | 2022 | down 0.5% | falling |
| 84 | Jamaica | 12.38 | 2022 | down 10.1% | rising |
| 85 | Portugal | 12.32 | 2022 | down 30.4% | falling |
| 86 | El Salvador | 12.09 | 2022 | down 5.2% | rising |
| 87 | Uruguay | 12.05 | 2022 | up 10.6% | rising |
| 88 | Madagascar | 11.26 | 2022 | unchanged | falling |
| 89 | Eritrea | 11.18 | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 90 | Niger | 11.02 | 2022 | up 85.3% | volatile |
| 91 | Argentina | 10.46 | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 92 | Burundi | 10.19 | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 93 | Dominica | 10 | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 94 | Nigeria | 9.67 | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 95 | Chile | 8.98 | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 96 | Austria | 8.68 | 2022 | down 8.0% | falling |
| 97 | Antigua and Barbuda | 8.46 | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 98 | Nepal | 8.31 | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 99 | Hungary | 8.11 | 2022 | down 7.1% | rising |
| 100 | Ireland | 8.05 | 2022 | up 70.7% | rising |
| 101 | New Zealand | 8.05 | 2022 | up 31.0% | volatile |
| 102 | Mali | 8 | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 103 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 7.9 | 2022 | down 2.5% | falling |
| 104 | Burkina Faso | 7.82 | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 105 | Romania | 7.63 | 2022 | up 25.7% | falling |
| 106 | Venezuela | 7.54 | 2022 | unchanged | volatile |
| 107 | Finland | 7.11 | 2022 | down 25.1% | rising |
| 108 | Grenada | 7.05 | 2022 | up 6.9% | rising |
| 109 | Ecuador | 6.78 | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 110 | Switzerland | 6.5 | 2022 | down 14.8% | falling |
| 111 | Djibouti | 6.33 | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 112 | Ghana | 6.31 | 2022 | up 10.1% | rising |
| 113 | Ukraine | 6.3 | 2022 | down 62.2% | falling |
| 114 | Costa Rica | 5.88 | 2022 | up 47.4% | rising |
| 115 | Uganda | 5.83 | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 116 | Myanmar | 5.8 | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 117 | Guatemala | 5.74 | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 118 | Serbia | 5.74 | 2022 | up 15.6% | rising |
| 119 | Bangladesh | 5.72 | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 120 | Slovenia | 5.59 | 2022 | down 10.9% | flat |
| 121 | Cote d'Ivoire | 5.09 | 2022 | down 6.9% | rising |
| 122 | Peru | 4.83 | 2022 | up 12.4% | rising |
| 123 | Laos | 4.79 | 2022 | up 10.3% | rising |
| 124 | Albania | 4.79 | 2022 | down 29.1% | falling |
| 125 | Australia | 4.67 | 2022 | down 26.8% | falling |
| 126 | Belarus | 4.66 | 2022 | down 7.3% | falling |
| 127 | Honduras | 4.62 | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 128 | Chad | 4.29 | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 129 | South Sudan | 4.23 | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 130 | Georgia | 4.21 | 2022 | down 24.2% | falling |
| 131 | Russia | 4.12 | 2022 | up 1.3% | falling |
| 132 | Luxembourg | 3.96 | 2022 | up 7.0% | rising |
| 133 | Suriname | 3.95 | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 134 | Canada | 3.72 | 2022 | down 0.9% | falling |
| 135 | Colombia | 3.63 | 2022 | up 37.0% | rising |
| 136 | Sweden | 3.58 | 2022 | down 3.1% | falling |
| 137 | Brunei | 3.47 | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 138 | Malaysia | 3.44 | 2022 | up 9.8% | falling |
| 139 | Mongolia | 3.4 | 2022 | down 5.7% | flat |
| 140 | Togo | 3.39 | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 141 | Guyana | 3.3 | 2022 | unchanged | falling |
| 142 | Zambia | 2.84 | 2022 | unchanged | falling |
| 143 | Lesotho | 2.57 | 2022 | unchanged | falling |
| 144 | Slovakia | 2.43 | 2022 | down 15.3% | falling |
| 145 | Botswana | 2.23 | 2022 | up 9.7% | rising |
| 146 | Nicaragua | 2.22 | 2022 | down 13.3% | falling |
| 147 | Gambia | 2.21 | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 148 | Lithuania | 2.17 | 2022 | down 44.0% | volatile |
| 149 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 2.07 | 2022 | down 28.7% | falling |
| 150 | Norway | 2.04 | 2022 | down 1.6% | rising |
| 151 | Sao Tome and Principe | 1.88 | 2022 | up 16.8% | rising |
| 152 | Angola | 1.87 | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 153 | Paraguay | 1.84 | 2022 | unchanged | volatile |
| 154 | Mozambique | 1.75 | 2022 | up 8.5% | rising |
| 155 | Cameroon | 1.56 | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 156 | Croatia | 1.51 | 2022 | up 4.0% | rising |
| 157 | Brazil | 1.5 | 2022 | down 54.7% | rising |
| 158 | Guinea-Bissau | 1.5 | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 159 | Bhutan | 1.41 | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 160 | Guinea | 1.37 | 2022 | up 19.6% | rising |
| 161 | Belize | 1.26 | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 162 | Cambodia | 1.04 | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 163 | Latvia | 1.02 | 2022 | down 30.6% | falling |
| 164 | Benin | 0.9752 | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 165 | Panama | 0.9011 | 2022 | up 4.8% | rising |
| 166 | Comoros | 0.8333 | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 167 | Gabon | 0.5022 | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 168 | Sierra Leone | 0.4958 | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 169 | Iceland | 0.3941 | 2022 | down 1.4% | rising |
| 170 | Central African Republic | 0.3356 | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 171 | Namibia | 0.3147 | 2022 | down 46.2% | falling |
| 172 | Fiji | 0.2974 | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 173 | Liberia | 0.2643 | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 174 | Democratic Republic of Congo | 0.2269 | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 175 | Bolivia | 0.203 | 2022 | down 83.0% | flat |
| 176 | Equatorial Guinea | 0.1835 | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 177 | Papua New Guinea | 0.1322 | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 178 | Congo | 0.0274 | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
About this data
The level of water stress: freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available freshwater resources is the ratio between total freshwater withdrawn by all major sectors and total renewable freshwater resources, after taking into account environmental water requirements. Main sectors, as defined by ISIC standards, include agriculture; forestry and fishing; manufacturing; electricity industry; and services. This indicator is also known as water withdrawal intensity.