Annual freshwater withdrawals, total (% of internal resources) by country
Annual freshwater withdrawals refer to total water withdrawals, not counting evaporation losses from storage basins. Withdrawals also include water from desalination plants in countries where they are a significant source. Withdrawals can exceed 100 percent of total renewable resources where extraction from...
Countries reporting
177
Highest
7,750.0%
Egypt
Lowest
0.0%
Congo
Median
8.8%
Years covered
61
1962–2022
Data points
6,630
What the numbers show
Annual freshwater withdrawals, total (% of internal resources) is currently reported for 177 countries. The highest value is 7,750.0% in Egypt; the lowest is 0.0% in Congo.
The median across all reporting countries is 8.8%, and the mean is 126.9%.
Over the past decade 52 countries rose and 52 fell. The largest increase was in North Macedonia (up 243.2%), and the largest decrease in Bolivia (down 83.0%).
Annual freshwater withdrawals, total: full country ranking
| # | Country | Latest | Year | 10-year change | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Egypt | 7,750.0% | 2022 | up 7.2% | rising |
| 2 | Bahrain | 3,877.5% | 2022 | down 18.3% | falling |
| 3 | Turkmenistan | 1,868.0% | 2022 | down 6.3% | rising |
| 4 | United Arab Emirates | 1,509.9% | 2022 | down 13.6% | rising |
| 5 | Saudi Arabia | 974.2% | 2022 | up 8.2% | rising |
| 6 | Libya | 817.1% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 7 | Sudan | 673.4% | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 8 | Qatar | 446.4% | 2022 | up 1.6% | rising |
| 9 | Mauritania | 337.1% | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 10 | Pakistan | 326.0% | 2022 | down 4.6% | rising |
| 11 | Uzbekistan | 262.5% | 2022 | down 14.5% | falling |
| 12 | Israel | 204.0% | 2021 | up 17.6% | falling |
| 13 | Syria | 195.8% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 14 | Yemen | 169.8% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 15 | Azerbaijan | 160.5% | 2022 | up 8.8% | falling |
| 16 | Jordan | 139.3% | 2022 | up 11.9% | rising |
| 17 | Iraq | 120.5% | 2022 | down 2.9% | rising |
| 18 | Oman | 116.7% | 2022 | up 2.8% | rising |
| 19 | Tunisia | 92.1% | 2022 | up 16.4% | rising |
| 20 | Algeria | 91.5% | 2022 | up 31.9% | rising |
| 21 | Barbados | 87.5% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 22 | Hungary | 78.2% | 2022 | down 7.1% | rising |
| 23 | Netherlands | 74.9% | 2022 | down 23.2% | rising |
| 24 | Niger | 73.8% | 2022 | up 85.3% | volatile |
| 25 | Malta | 72.6% | 2022 | down 8.6% | rising |
| 26 | Iran | 72.3% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 27 | Serbia | 60.6% | 2022 | up 15.6% | rising |
| 28 | Cape Verde | 59.7% | 2022 | up 97.8% | volatile |
| 29 | Somalia | 55.0% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 30 | Moldova | 52.2% | 2022 | down 0.5% | falling |
| 31 | Saint Kitts and Nevis | 50.8% | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 32 | South Africa | 47.1% | 2022 | up 38.1% | rising |
| 33 | South Korea | 45.0% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 34 | Armenia | 44.8% | 2022 | up 4.5% | rising |
| 35 | India | 44.8% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 36 | Afghanistan | 43.0% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 37 | Palestine | 41.2% | 2021 | up 25.4% | falling |
| 38 | Eswatini | 40.5% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 39 | North Macedonia | 40.2% | 2022 | up 243.2% | rising |
| 40 | Zimbabwe | 40.0% | 2022 | up 41.9% | rising |
| 41 | Kazakhstan | 38.8% | 2022 | up 10.5% | falling |
| 42 | Lebanon | 37.8% | 2022 | up 13.4% | rising |
| 43 | Morocco | 36.5% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 44 | Belgium | 35.8% | 2022 | down 18.9% | falling |
| 45 | Bangladesh | 34.2% | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 46 | Singapore | 33.3% | 2022 | down 79.2% | volatile |
| 47 | Dominican Republic | 30.4% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 48 | Cyprus | 28.6% | 2022 | down 12.7% | rising |
| 49 | Turkey | 28.4% | 2022 | up 27.6% | rising |
| 50 | Spain | 26.1% | 2022 | down 20.2% | falling |
| 51 | Bulgaria | 25.9% | 2022 | down 4.7% | falling |
| 52 | Thailand | 25.5% | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 53 | Sri Lanka | 24.5% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 54 | Germany | 24.1% | 2022 | down 23.3% | falling |
| 55 | Mauritius | 23.0% | 2022 | up 8.6% | rising |
| 56 | Vietnam | 22.8% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 57 | Mexico | 22.0% | 2022 | up 8.6% | rising |
| 58 | Eritrea | 20.8% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 59 | China | 20.2% | 2022 | down 5.1% | rising |
| 60 | Kenya | 19.5% | 2022 | up 25.3% | rising |
| 61 | Romania | 19.2% | 2022 | up 25.7% | falling |
| 62 | Philippines | 19.0% | 2022 | up 8.1% | rising |
| 63 | Japan | 18.5% | 2022 | down 1.1% | falling |
| 64 | Italy | 18.5% | 2022 | down 0.4% | falling |
| 65 | Cuba | 18.3% | 2022 | up 4.7% | rising |
| 66 | Poland | 17.5% | 2022 | down 18.2% | falling |
| 67 | Greece | 17.3% | 2022 | up 1.1% | rising |
| 68 | Tajikistan | 16.7% | 2022 | down 0.7% | falling |
| 69 | Portugal | 16.1% | 2022 | down 30.4% | falling |
| 70 | United States | 15.8% | 2022 | up 3.6% | falling |
| 71 | Kyrgyzstan | 15.8% | 2022 | unchanged | falling |
| 72 | Maldives | 15.7% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 73 | Denmark | 15.6% | 2022 | up 28.3% | falling |
| 74 | Saint Lucia | 14.3% | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 75 | East Timor | 14.3% | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 76 | North Korea | 12.9% | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 77 | Argentina | 12.9% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 78 | El Salvador | 12.4% | 2022 | down 5.2% | rising |
| 79 | Jamaica | 12.4% | 2022 | down 10.1% | rising |
| 80 | Puerto Rico | 12.3% | 2022 | down 8.9% | rising |
| 81 | France | 12.2% | 2022 | down 13.0% | falling |
| 82 | Senegal | 11.9% | 2022 | up 28.0% | rising |
| 83 | Haiti | 11.1% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 84 | Indonesia | 11.0% | 2022 | up 14.0% | rising |
| 85 | Czechia | 11.0% | 2022 | down 21.5% | falling |
| 86 | Dominica | 10.0% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 87 | Estonia | 9.5% | 2022 | down 26.1% | falling |
| 88 | Botswana | 8.9% | 2022 | up 9.7% | rising |
| 89 | Ukraine | 8.8% | 2022 | down 62.2% | falling |
| 90 | Trinidad and Tobago | 8.8% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 91 | Ethiopia | 8.6% | 2022 | up 10.2% | rising |
| 92 | Mali | 8.6% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 93 | Antigua and Barbuda | 8.5% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 94 | Malawi | 8.4% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 95 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 7.9% | 2022 | down 2.5% | falling |
| 96 | Grenada | 7.0% | 2022 | up 6.9% | rising |
| 97 | Burkina Faso | 6.5% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 98 | Rwanda | 6.4% | 2022 | up 43.2% | rising |
| 99 | Djibouti | 6.3% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 100 | Tanzania | 6.2% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 101 | Chad | 5.9% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 102 | United Kingdom | 5.8% | 2022 | up 5.0% | falling |
| 103 | Austria | 5.7% | 2022 | down 8.0% | falling |
| 104 | Nigeria | 5.6% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 105 | Uruguay | 4.9% | 2022 | up 10.6% | rising |
| 106 | Nepal | 4.8% | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 107 | Ghana | 4.8% | 2022 | up 10.1% | rising |
| 108 | Luxembourg | 4.8% | 2022 | up 7.0% | rising |
| 109 | Slovakia | 4.5% | 2022 | down 15.3% | falling |
| 110 | Slovenia | 4.4% | 2022 | down 10.9% | flat |
| 111 | Switzerland | 4.2% | 2022 | down 14.8% | falling |
| 112 | Belarus | 4.2% | 2022 | down 7.3% | falling |
| 113 | Chile | 4.0% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 114 | Madagascar | 4.0% | 2022 | unchanged | falling |
| 115 | Laos | 3.9% | 2022 | up 10.3% | rising |
| 116 | Ireland | 3.4% | 2022 | up 70.7% | rising |
| 117 | Gambia | 3.4% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 118 | Myanmar | 3.3% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 119 | Costa Rica | 3.1% | 2022 | up 47.4% | rising |
| 120 | Guatemala | 3.0% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 121 | New Zealand | 3.0% | 2022 | up 31.0% | volatile |
| 122 | Albania | 3.0% | 2022 | down 29.1% | falling |
| 123 | Venezuela | 2.8% | 2022 | unchanged | volatile |
| 124 | Finland | 2.8% | 2022 | down 25.1% | rising |
| 125 | Burundi | 2.8% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 126 | South Sudan | 2.5% | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 127 | Australia | 2.4% | 2022 | down 26.8% | falling |
| 128 | Ecuador | 2.2% | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 129 | Georgia | 2.2% | 2022 | down 24.2% | falling |
| 130 | Paraguay | 2.1% | 2022 | unchanged | volatile |
| 131 | Zambia | 2.0% | 2022 | unchanged | falling |
| 132 | Lithuania | 1.9% | 2022 | down 44.0% | volatile |
| 133 | Togo | 1.9% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 134 | Sao Tome and Principe | 1.9% | 2022 | up 16.8% | rising |
| 135 | Cambodia | 1.8% | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 136 | Croatia | 1.8% | 2022 | up 4.0% | rising |
| 137 | Honduras | 1.8% | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 138 | Namibia | 1.7% | 2022 | down 46.2% | falling |
| 139 | Uganda | 1.6% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 140 | Peru | 1.6% | 2022 | up 12.4% | rising |
| 141 | Cote d'Ivoire | 1.5% | 2022 | down 6.9% | rising |
| 142 | Russia | 1.5% | 2022 | up 1.3% | falling |
| 143 | Mozambique | 1.5% | 2022 | up 8.5% | rising |
| 144 | Sweden | 1.5% | 2022 | down 3.1% | falling |
| 145 | Mongolia | 1.3% | 2022 | down 5.7% | flat |
| 146 | Canada | 1.3% | 2022 | down 0.9% | falling |
| 147 | Benin | 1.3% | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 148 | Brazil | 1.2% | 2022 | down 2.7% | rising |
| 149 | Malaysia | 1.2% | 2022 | up 9.8% | falling |
| 150 | Colombia | 1.1% | 2022 | up 37.0% | rising |
| 151 | Guinea-Bissau | 1.1% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 152 | Brunei | 1.1% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 153 | Latvia | 1.0% | 2022 | down 30.6% | falling |
| 154 | Panama | 0.9% | 2022 | up 4.8% | rising |
| 155 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 0.9% | 2022 | down 28.7% | falling |
| 156 | Lesotho | 0.8% | 2022 | unchanged | falling |
| 157 | Comoros | 0.8% | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 158 | Nicaragua | 0.8% | 2022 | down 13.3% | falling |
| 159 | Norway | 0.7% | 2022 | down 1.6% | rising |
| 160 | Belize | 0.7% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 161 | Suriname | 0.6% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 162 | Guyana | 0.6% | 2022 | unchanged | falling |
| 163 | Angola | 0.5% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 164 | Bhutan | 0.4% | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 165 | Cameroon | 0.4% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 166 | Guinea | 0.4% | 2022 | up 19.6% | rising |
| 167 | Fiji | 0.3% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 168 | Iceland | 0.2% | 2022 | down 1.4% | rising |
| 169 | Sierra Leone | 0.1% | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 170 | Bolivia | 0.1% | 2022 | down 83.0% | flat |
| 171 | Gabon | 0.1% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 172 | Equatorial Guinea | 0.1% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 173 | Democratic Republic of Congo | 0.1% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 174 | Liberia | 0.1% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 175 | Central African Republic | 0.1% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 176 | Papua New Guinea | 0.0% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 177 | Congo | 0.0% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
Regions and income groups
Aggregates are excluded from the country ranking above so that a region can never outrank a country.
- Arab World 205.4%
- Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan & Pakistan 148.3%
- Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan & Pakistan (excluding high income) 141.7%
- Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan & Pakistan (IDA & IBRD) 141.7%
- South Asia 37.6%
- South Asia (IDA & IBRD) 37.6%
- Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income) 31.7%
- Lower middle income 16.3%
- Early-demographic dividend 15.4%
- Euro area 14.9%
- European Union 13.7%
- IDA blend 13.5%
About this data
Annual freshwater withdrawals refer to total water withdrawals, not counting evaporation losses from storage basins. Withdrawals also include water from desalination plants in countries where they are a significant source. Withdrawals can exceed 100 percent of total renewable resources where extraction from nonrenewable aquifers or desalination plants is considerable or where there is significant water reuse. Withdrawals for agriculture and industry are total withdrawals for irrigation and livestock production and for direct industrial use (including withdrawals for cooling thermoelectric plants). Withdrawals for domestic uses include drinking water, municipal use or supply, and use for public services, commercial establishments, and homes. Data are for the most recent year available for 1987-2002.