Vulnerable employment, total (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate) by country
Vulnerable employment is contributing family workers and own-account workers as a percentage of total employment.
Countries reporting
186
Highest
90.2%
Chad
Lowest
0.5%
Qatar
Median
28.7%
Years covered
35
1991–2025
Data points
8,176
What the numbers show
Vulnerable employment, total (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate) is currently reported for 186 countries. The highest value is 90.2% in Chad; the lowest is 0.5% in Qatar.
The median across all reporting countries is 28.7%, and the mean is 34.9%.
The gap between the highest and lowest reporting country is a factor of about 198.
Over the past decade 38 countries rose and 148 fell. The largest increase was in Kuwait (up 303.6%), and the largest decrease in Croatia (down 45.4%).
Vulnerable employment, total (% of total employment): full country ranking
| # | Country | Latest | Year | 10-year change | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Chad | 90.2% | 2025 | up 0.5% | falling |
| 2 | Sierra Leone | 86.0% | 2025 | down 0.6% | falling |
| 3 | Madagascar | 84.4% | 2025 | down 1.3% | rising |
| 4 | Ethiopia | 84.1% | 2025 | down 3.1% | falling |
| 5 | Niger | 83.7% | 2025 | down 6.6% | flat |
| 6 | Mozambique | 83.7% | 2025 | down 0.3% | falling |
| 7 | Burundi | 83.7% | 2025 | down 2.9% | flat |
| 8 | Tanzania | 83.7% | 2025 | down 2.3% | falling |
| 9 | Afghanistan | 81.8% | 2025 | down 2.8% | falling |
| 10 | Democratic Republic of Congo | 81.5% | 2025 | up 0.6% | flat |
| 11 | Burkina Faso | 80.6% | 2025 | down 0.3% | flat |
| 12 | South Sudan | 80.3% | 2023 | down 3.1% | flat |
| 13 | Central African Republic | 79.4% | 2025 | down 0.2% | flat |
| 14 | Guinea | 79.2% | 2025 | down 4.5% | falling |
| 15 | Benin | 78.5% | 2025 | down 5.5% | falling |
| 16 | Nepal | 77.0% | 2025 | down 3.7% | falling |
| 17 | Liberia | 76.9% | 2025 | down 0.8% | flat |
| 18 | Laos | 76.4% | 2025 | down 4.5% | falling |
| 19 | Haiti | 76.0% | 2025 | up 2.6% | flat |
| 20 | Congo | 75.9% | 2025 | up 0.5% | flat |
| 21 | Mali | 75.8% | 2025 | down 7.2% | falling |
| 22 | Togo | 75.0% | 2025 | down 6.5% | falling |
| 23 | Guinea-Bissau | 74.9% | 2025 | down 1.7% | flat |
| 24 | Uganda | 74.4% | 2025 | down 2.7% | falling |
| 25 | India | 71.6% | 2025 | down 8.1% | falling |
| 26 | Papua New Guinea | 71.2% | 2025 | down 2.3% | flat |
| 27 | Zambia | 70.2% | 2025 | down 4.4% | falling |
| 28 | Cote d'Ivoire | 69.4% | 2025 | down 5.3% | falling |
| 29 | Bhutan | 69.0% | 2025 | down 5.2% | falling |
| 30 | Solomon Islands | 68.7% | 2025 | down 1.2% | falling |
| 31 | Zimbabwe | 68.2% | 2025 | down 0.6% | rising |
| 32 | Cameroon | 67.6% | 2025 | down 8.2% | falling |
| 33 | Nigeria | 66.5% | 2025 | down 2.1% | falling |
| 34 | Angola | 66.3% | 2025 | up 1.5% | falling |
| 35 | Kenya | 63.8% | 2025 | up 5.7% | rising |
| 36 | Gambia | 63.5% | 2025 | down 10.8% | falling |
| 37 | Senegal | 63.0% | 2025 | down 4.3% | falling |
| 38 | Myanmar | 62.9% | 2025 | down 0.8% | falling |
| 39 | Bolivia | 62.7% | 2025 | down 6.9% | falling |
| 40 | Ghana | 60.0% | 2025 | down 15.3% | falling |
| 41 | Malawi | 59.9% | 2025 | down 1.8% | falling |
| 42 | East Timor | 58.6% | 2025 | up 1.0% | falling |
| 43 | Moldova | 58.6% | 2025 | down 3.1% | rising |
| 44 | Vanuatu | 58.0% | 2025 | down 8.8% | falling |
| 45 | Bangladesh | 57.3% | 2025 | down 1.0% | falling |
| 46 | Comoros | 56.8% | 2025 | down 1.3% | falling |
| 47 | North Korea | 56.8% | 2025 | up 0.9% | flat |
| 48 | Pakistan | 55.5% | 2025 | down 6.2% | falling |
| 49 | Azerbaijan | 53.8% | 2025 | down 2.7% | falling |
| 50 | Mauritania | 53.3% | 2025 | down 2.7% | falling |
| 51 | Cambodia | 52.3% | 2025 | down 5.2% | falling |
| 52 | Vietnam | 51.4% | 2025 | down 11.0% | falling |
| 53 | Ecuador | 50.1% | 2025 | up 11.7% | rising |
| 54 | Indonesia | 50.0% | 2025 | up 3.6% | falling |
| 55 | Thailand | 48.0% | 2025 | down 1.5% | falling |
| 56 | Eritrea | 47.9% | 2025 | down 1.9% | falling |
| 57 | Peru | 47.5% | 2025 | down 7.7% | falling |
| 58 | Albania | 46.0% | 2025 | down 18.5% | falling |
| 59 | Somalia | 46.0% | 2025 | down 1.5% | falling |
| 60 | Yemen | 45.6% | 2025 | up 5.2% | flat |
| 61 | Colombia | 43.0% | 2025 | down 1.7% | rising |
| 62 | Georgia | 42.4% | 2025 | down 19.3% | falling |
| 63 | Samoa | 41.6% | 2025 | down 3.0% | falling |
| 64 | Sudan | 39.7% | 2022 | up 0.2% | falling |
| 65 | Iran | 39.5% | 2025 | down 3.4% | falling |
| 66 | Rwanda | 39.4% | 2025 | down 8.0% | falling |
| 67 | Sri Lanka | 39.2% | 2025 | down 3.7% | falling |
| 68 | Nicaragua | 38.9% | 2025 | down 3.4% | flat |
| 69 | Syria | 38.9% | 2025 | up 2.0% | falling |
| 70 | Mongolia | 38.4% | 2025 | down 16.1% | falling |
| 71 | Dominican Republic | 38.0% | 2025 | down 9.1% | falling |
| 72 | Panama | 37.9% | 2025 | up 16.7% | rising |
| 73 | Venezuela | 37.3% | 2025 | up 18.2% | rising |
| 74 | Guatemala | 36.2% | 2025 | down 2.1% | flat |
| 75 | Paraguay | 36.1% | 2025 | down 7.0% | falling |
| 76 | Morocco | 35.5% | 2025 | down 5.8% | falling |
| 77 | Sao Tome and Principe | 35.0% | 2025 | down 1.0% | falling |
| 78 | Cape Verde | 34.3% | 2025 | down 6.4% | falling |
| 79 | Honduras | 33.9% | 2025 | down 10.2% | falling |
| 80 | Tonga | 33.7% | 2025 | down 13.9% | falling |
| 81 | Philippines | 33.6% | 2025 | down 3.5% | falling |
| 82 | China | 33.4% | 2025 | down 10.6% | falling |
| 83 | Uzbekistan | 33.3% | 2025 | down 4.7% | falling |
| 84 | Armenia | 32.8% | 2025 | down 26.5% | falling |
| 85 | Fiji | 32.8% | 2025 | down 13.5% | falling |
| 86 | Lesotho | 32.6% | 2025 | down 1.9% | falling |
| 87 | Jamaica | 31.6% | 2025 | down 14.7% | falling |
| 88 | El Salvador | 30.8% | 2025 | down 14.4% | falling |
| 89 | Djibouti | 30.3% | 2025 | down 5.2% | falling |
| 90 | Namibia | 29.9% | 2025 | up 7.9% | falling |
| 91 | Belize | 29.8% | 2025 | up 13.9% | falling |
| 92 | Gabon | 29.8% | 2025 | down 3.3% | falling |
| 93 | Kyrgyzstan | 29.0% | 2025 | down 21.5% | falling |
| 94 | Eswatini | 28.4% | 2025 | down 15.9% | falling |
| 95 | Turkmenistan | 28.3% | 2025 | down 8.9% | falling |
| 96 | Tajikistan | 28.0% | 2025 | down 7.5% | rising |
| 97 | Iraq | 27.1% | 2025 | down 3.8% | falling |
| 98 | Brazil | 26.1% | 2025 | down 0.7% | falling |
| 99 | Botswana | 25.6% | 2025 | down 8.2% | rising |
| 100 | Algeria | 25.6% | 2025 | down 5.5% | falling |
| 101 | Guyana | 25.3% | 2025 | down 15.1% | falling |
| 102 | Mexico | 25.3% | 2025 | down 2.2% | falling |
| 103 | Kazakhstan | 24.8% | 2025 | down 3.2% | falling |
| 104 | Uruguay | 24.4% | 2025 | up 6.2% | flat |
| 105 | Egypt | 23.9% | 2025 | up 21.8% | rising |
| 106 | Turkey | 23.9% | 2025 | down 17.0% | falling |
| 107 | Serbia | 23.9% | 2025 | down 9.4% | falling |
| 108 | Costa Rica | 23.4% | 2025 | down 12.0% | falling |
| 109 | Equatorial Guinea | 23.1% | 2025 | up 11.8% | falling |
| 110 | Greece | 23.1% | 2025 | down 18.0% | falling |
| 111 | Argentina | 22.3% | 2025 | up 8.1% | falling |
| 112 | Saint Lucia | 22.0% | 2025 | down 3.1% | rising |
| 113 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 22.0% | 2025 | up 0.0% | rising |
| 114 | Malaysia | 21.9% | 2025 | down 5.3% | falling |
| 115 | Libya | 21.6% | 2025 | down 4.8% | rising |
| 116 | Trinidad and Tobago | 21.2% | 2025 | up 26.8% | flat |
| 117 | Chile | 20.9% | 2025 | up 5.5% | falling |
| 118 | Lebanon | 19.4% | 2023 | down 4.1% | falling |
| 119 | Cuba | 19.3% | 2025 | down 0.4% | rising |
| 120 | Ukraine | 19.0% | 2021 | up 2.7% | falling |
| 121 | Barbados | 18.8% | 2025 | up 15.6% | rising |
| 122 | Palestine | 18.4% | 2022 | down 31.3% | falling |
| 123 | Suriname | 18.4% | 2025 | down 3.8% | rising |
| 124 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 18.1% | 2025 | down 14.9% | falling |
| 125 | Tunisia | 17.9% | 2025 | down 8.7% | falling |
| 126 | South Korea | 17.7% | 2025 | down 10.3% | falling |
| 127 | Maldives | 16.9% | 2025 | down 16.2% | falling |
| 128 | Bahamas | 15.9% | 2025 | up 14.8% | rising |
| 129 | Poland | 15.0% | 2025 | down 30.8% | falling |
| 130 | Mauritius | 14.9% | 2025 | down 19.5% | falling |
| 131 | French Polynesia | 14.8% | 2025 | down 6.0% | falling |
| 132 | Italy | 14.3% | 2025 | down 15.5% | falling |
| 133 | Montenegro | 14.3% | 2025 | down 18.5% | flat |
| 134 | New Caledonia | 14.2% | 2025 | up 6.3% | falling |
| 135 | Czechia | 13.5% | 2025 | down 2.3% | rising |
| 136 | Netherlands | 13.4% | 2025 | up 9.2% | rising |
| 137 | Romania | 13.0% | 2025 | down 31.0% | falling |
| 138 | New Zealand | 12.6% | 2025 | down 11.4% | falling |
| 139 | North Macedonia | 12.3% | 2025 | down 43.3% | falling |
| 140 | Slovakia | 11.8% | 2025 | down 5.7% | rising |
| 141 | Guam | 11.8% | 2025 | down 3.3% | falling |
| 142 | South Africa | 11.7% | 2025 | up 23.7% | falling |
| 143 | United Kingdom | 11.5% | 2025 | down 8.1% | rising |
| 144 | Belgium | 11.0% | 2025 | down 6.7% | falling |
| 145 | Slovenia | 10.6% | 2025 | down 27.3% | falling |
| 146 | Lithuania | 10.4% | 2025 | down 8.2% | falling |
| 147 | Puerto Rico | 10.3% | 2025 | up 6.2% | falling |
| 148 | Spain | 10.1% | 2025 | down 19.9% | falling |
| 149 | Malta | 10.1% | 2025 | down 4.4% | falling |
| 150 | Portugal | 9.7% | 2025 | down 21.6% | falling |
| 151 | Ireland | 9.6% | 2025 | down 24.1% | falling |
| 152 | Switzerland | 9.6% | 2025 | down 6.5% | falling |
| 153 | Canada | 9.6% | 2025 | down 8.8% | rising |
| 154 | Finland | 9.5% | 2025 | down 13.8% | falling |
| 155 | Singapore | 9.3% | 2025 | up 12.4% | rising |
| 156 | Australia | 9.1% | 2025 | down 10.5% | falling |
| 157 | Latvia | 8.6% | 2025 | down 8.7% | falling |
| 158 | France | 8.5% | 2025 | up 16.2% | falling |
| 159 | Iceland | 8.4% | 2025 | down 29.5% | falling |
| 160 | Cyprus | 8.4% | 2025 | down 33.5% | falling |
| 161 | Jordan | 7.9% | 2025 | down 19.7% | falling |
| 162 | Austria | 7.9% | 2025 | down 23.1% | falling |
| 163 | Hungary | 7.8% | 2025 | down 1.4% | falling |
| 164 | Israel | 7.7% | 2025 | down 4.0% | falling |
| 165 | Japan | 7.5% | 2025 | down 15.1% | falling |
| 166 | Estonia | 7.1% | 2025 | down 6.3% | falling |
| 167 | Luxembourg | 6.9% | 2025 | down 6.0% | flat |
| 168 | Bulgaria | 6.9% | 2025 | down 5.7% | falling |
| 169 | Sweden | 6.9% | 2025 | down 10.5% | falling |
| 170 | Croatia | 6.3% | 2025 | down 45.4% | falling |
| 171 | Belarus | 6.3% | 2025 | down 13.6% | falling |
| 172 | Hong Kong | 5.8% | 2025 | down 3.9% | rising |
| 173 | United States Virgin Islands | 5.5% | 2025 | up 14.3% | rising |
| 174 | Denmark | 5.4% | 2025 | down 16.9% | falling |
| 175 | Russia | 4.9% | 2025 | down 17.4% | rising |
| 176 | Brunei | 4.5% | 2025 | down 19.9% | rising |
| 177 | Germany | 4.3% | 2025 | down 29.4% | falling |
| 178 | Norway | 4.2% | 2025 | down 21.0% | falling |
| 179 | Oman | 3.8% | 2025 | up 4.9% | volatile |
| 180 | United States | 3.8% | 2025 | down 5.2% | falling |
| 181 | Macao | 3.3% | 2025 | down 0.8% | falling |
| 182 | Kuwait | 2.4% | 2025 | up 303.6% | volatile |
| 183 | Saudi Arabia | 1.7% | 2025 | down 29.8% | falling |
| 184 | United Arab Emirates | 1.5% | 2025 | up 92.5% | volatile |
| 185 | Bahrain | 0.7% | 2025 | down 24.8% | falling |
| 186 | Qatar | 0.5% | 2025 | up 88.3% | volatile |
Regions and income groups
Aggregates are excluded from the country ranking above so that a region can never outrank a country.
- Heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC) 76.4%
- Low income 76.1%
- Least developed countries: UN classification 72.8%
- Pre-demographic dividend 72.2%
- Africa Eastern and Southern 71.9%
- Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding high income) 71.0%
- Sub-Saharan Africa 71.0%
- Sub-Saharan Africa (IDA & IBRD countries) 71.0%
- IDA only 70.5%
- Africa Western and Central 69.9%
- South Asia 69.7%
- South Asia (IDA & IBRD) 69.7%
About this data
Vulnerable employment is contributing family workers and own-account workers as a percentage of total employment.