Vulnerable employment, male (% of male employment) (modeled ILO estimate) by country
Vulnerable employment is contributing family workers and own-account workers as a percentage of total employment.
Countries reporting
186
Highest
86.2%
Chad
Lowest
0.4%
Qatar
Median
26.2%
Years covered
35
1991–2025
Data points
8,176
What the numbers show
Vulnerable employment, male (% of male employment) (modeled ILO estimate) is currently reported for 186 countries. The highest value is 86.2% in Chad; the lowest is 0.4% in Qatar.
The median across all reporting countries is 26.2%, and the mean is 33.3%.
The gap between the highest and lowest reporting country is a factor of about 216.
Over the past decade 47 countries rose and 139 fell. The largest increase was in Kuwait (up 287.9%), and the largest decrease in Saudi Arabia (down 54.5%).
Vulnerable employment, male (% of male employment): full country ranking
| # | Country | Latest | Year | 10-year change | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Chad | 86.2% | 2025 | up 1.3% | falling |
| 2 | Ethiopia | 82.4% | 2025 | down 2.4% | falling |
| 3 | Afghanistan | 81.1% | 2025 | down 1.0% | falling |
| 4 | Madagascar | 81.0% | 2025 | down 0.5% | rising |
| 5 | Sierra Leone | 80.9% | 2025 | down 0.2% | falling |
| 6 | Tanzania | 78.1% | 2025 | down 2.5% | falling |
| 7 | South Sudan | 77.8% | 2023 | down 1.7% | flat |
| 8 | Burundi | 76.9% | 2025 | down 1.0% | flat |
| 9 | Mozambique | 76.3% | 2025 | up 3.4% | falling |
| 10 | Niger | 76.0% | 2025 | down 11.8% | falling |
| 11 | Democratic Republic of Congo | 75.8% | 2025 | up 4.5% | rising |
| 12 | Burkina Faso | 74.4% | 2025 | down 0.0% | flat |
| 13 | Central African Republic | 74.3% | 2025 | up 0.2% | flat |
| 14 | Guinea | 73.8% | 2025 | down 4.4% | falling |
| 15 | Benin | 73.7% | 2025 | down 4.7% | falling |
| 16 | Laos | 72.2% | 2025 | down 5.2% | falling |
| 17 | Mali | 72.1% | 2025 | down 4.7% | falling |
| 18 | Haiti | 69.9% | 2025 | up 4.3% | flat |
| 19 | Nepal | 69.1% | 2025 | down 5.4% | falling |
| 20 | India | 69.0% | 2025 | down 9.7% | falling |
| 21 | Togo | 66.4% | 2025 | down 7.6% | falling |
| 22 | Uganda | 65.9% | 2025 | down 3.9% | falling |
| 23 | Guinea-Bissau | 65.5% | 2025 | down 2.9% | falling |
| 24 | Liberia | 65.1% | 2025 | down 0.9% | falling |
| 25 | Papua New Guinea | 63.5% | 2025 | down 2.0% | falling |
| 26 | Congo | 63.3% | 2025 | up 2.4% | falling |
| 27 | Zambia | 62.5% | 2025 | down 2.1% | falling |
| 28 | Myanmar | 62.3% | 2025 | up 1.4% | falling |
| 29 | Cote d'Ivoire | 61.3% | 2025 | down 6.0% | falling |
| 30 | Bhutan | 60.4% | 2025 | down 6.8% | falling |
| 31 | Cameroon | 60.2% | 2025 | down 7.8% | falling |
| 32 | Zimbabwe | 59.9% | 2025 | down 0.7% | rising |
| 33 | Solomon Islands | 59.0% | 2025 | down 2.9% | falling |
| 34 | Bolivia | 58.5% | 2025 | down 8.3% | falling |
| 35 | Moldova | 57.6% | 2025 | down 6.6% | rising |
| 36 | Senegal | 55.7% | 2025 | down 8.7% | falling |
| 37 | Kenya | 55.6% | 2025 | up 8.2% | rising |
| 38 | Nigeria | 54.8% | 2025 | down 1.0% | falling |
| 39 | Vanuatu | 54.7% | 2025 | down 8.4% | falling |
| 40 | Malawi | 54.0% | 2025 | down 2.0% | falling |
| 41 | East Timor | 53.9% | 2025 | up 3.9% | falling |
| 42 | Ghana | 53.7% | 2025 | down 14.4% | falling |
| 43 | Bangladesh | 53.6% | 2025 | up 3.2% | falling |
| 44 | North Korea | 52.5% | 2025 | up 1.7% | flat |
| 45 | Angola | 51.5% | 2025 | up 2.5% | falling |
| 46 | Pakistan | 50.4% | 2025 | down 8.0% | falling |
| 47 | Azerbaijan | 49.3% | 2025 | up 3.9% | falling |
| 48 | Comoros | 48.3% | 2025 | down 4.2% | falling |
| 49 | Thailand | 47.9% | 2025 | up 1.6% | falling |
| 50 | Gambia | 47.2% | 2025 | down 23.0% | falling |
| 51 | Cambodia | 46.8% | 2025 | down 6.3% | falling |
| 52 | Albania | 46.1% | 2025 | down 18.7% | falling |
| 53 | Vietnam | 45.9% | 2025 | down 11.6% | falling |
| 54 | Mauritania | 45.1% | 2025 | down 3.8% | falling |
| 55 | Samoa | 44.9% | 2025 | down 1.9% | falling |
| 56 | Yemen | 44.5% | 2025 | up 6.6% | rising |
| 57 | Colombia | 44.5% | 2025 | down 0.9% | rising |
| 58 | Georgia | 44.3% | 2025 | down 14.7% | falling |
| 59 | Indonesia | 44.3% | 2025 | up 5.0% | falling |
| 60 | Dominican Republic | 43.9% | 2025 | down 9.3% | flat |
| 61 | Ecuador | 43.9% | 2025 | up 15.5% | rising |
| 62 | Peru | 43.4% | 2025 | down 5.1% | falling |
| 63 | Syria | 41.7% | 2025 | up 2.7% | flat |
| 64 | Eritrea | 40.5% | 2025 | down 1.4% | flat |
| 65 | Somalia | 40.2% | 2025 | down 1.0% | falling |
| 66 | Iran | 40.2% | 2025 | down 0.8% | falling |
| 67 | Mongolia | 39.9% | 2025 | down 13.0% | falling |
| 68 | Panama | 39.4% | 2025 | up 15.8% | rising |
| 69 | Uzbekistan | 39.4% | 2025 | down 4.4% | falling |
| 70 | Sri Lanka | 39.2% | 2025 | up 0.2% | falling |
| 71 | Morocco | 39.2% | 2025 | down 6.1% | falling |
| 72 | Venezuela | 38.3% | 2025 | up 16.1% | rising |
| 73 | Rwanda | 36.2% | 2025 | down 4.3% | falling |
| 74 | Sudan | 36.1% | 2022 | up 7.4% | flat |
| 75 | Lesotho | 35.4% | 2025 | up 0.7% | falling |
| 76 | Jamaica | 35.0% | 2025 | down 16.7% | falling |
| 77 | Paraguay | 34.6% | 2025 | down 5.9% | falling |
| 78 | Sao Tome and Principe | 34.2% | 2025 | down 1.1% | falling |
| 79 | China | 34.0% | 2025 | down 8.1% | falling |
| 80 | Nicaragua | 34.0% | 2025 | down 4.7% | flat |
| 81 | Fiji | 33.9% | 2025 | down 11.5% | falling |
| 82 | Tonga | 33.0% | 2025 | down 17.6% | falling |
| 83 | Armenia | 31.8% | 2025 | down 20.3% | falling |
| 84 | Kyrgyzstan | 31.3% | 2025 | down 17.7% | falling |
| 85 | Philippines | 29.6% | 2025 | down 4.1% | falling |
| 86 | Brazil | 29.4% | 2025 | down 0.4% | falling |
| 87 | Turkmenistan | 29.0% | 2025 | down 6.9% | falling |
| 88 | Guatemala | 28.8% | 2025 | down 11.8% | falling |
| 89 | Belize | 27.3% | 2025 | up 1.0% | falling |
| 90 | Saint Lucia | 27.0% | 2025 | down 0.9% | rising |
| 91 | Honduras | 26.9% | 2025 | down 9.2% | falling |
| 92 | Trinidad and Tobago | 26.6% | 2025 | up 29.9% | rising |
| 93 | Algeria | 26.3% | 2025 | down 4.8% | falling |
| 94 | Cape Verde | 26.1% | 2025 | down 6.8% | falling |
| 95 | Iraq | 26.0% | 2025 | down 1.6% | falling |
| 96 | Malaysia | 26.0% | 2025 | down 5.8% | falling |
| 97 | Serbia | 25.8% | 2025 | down 12.5% | falling |
| 98 | Gabon | 25.8% | 2025 | down 3.3% | falling |
| 99 | Tajikistan | 25.6% | 2025 | down 7.6% | rising |
| 100 | Guyana | 25.4% | 2025 | down 8.6% | falling |
| 101 | Greece | 25.2% | 2025 | down 19.3% | falling |
| 102 | Uruguay | 25.1% | 2025 | up 4.0% | flat |
| 103 | Kazakhstan | 25.1% | 2025 | down 4.7% | falling |
| 104 | Costa Rica | 25.0% | 2025 | down 9.4% | falling |
| 105 | El Salvador | 24.8% | 2025 | down 17.8% | falling |
| 106 | Barbados | 24.8% | 2025 | up 14.3% | rising |
| 107 | Botswana | 24.7% | 2025 | down 8.7% | rising |
| 108 | Eswatini | 24.2% | 2025 | down 12.5% | falling |
| 109 | Djibouti | 23.7% | 2025 | down 9.4% | falling |
| 110 | Namibia | 23.6% | 2025 | up 14.8% | falling |
| 111 | Mexico | 23.6% | 2025 | down 5.5% | falling |
| 112 | Argentina | 23.6% | 2025 | up 4.6% | flat |
| 113 | Turkey | 23.1% | 2025 | down 8.2% | falling |
| 114 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 23.1% | 2025 | down 1.3% | rising |
| 115 | Egypt | 22.7% | 2025 | up 40.6% | rising |
| 116 | Libya | 22.7% | 2025 | down 4.5% | rising |
| 117 | Bahamas | 22.3% | 2025 | up 13.9% | rising |
| 118 | Lebanon | 22.2% | 2023 | down 6.3% | falling |
| 119 | Cuba | 21.6% | 2025 | down 0.7% | rising |
| 120 | Chile | 20.9% | 2025 | up 8.0% | falling |
| 121 | Tunisia | 20.3% | 2025 | down 7.0% | falling |
| 122 | Ukraine | 19.7% | 2021 | up 4.8% | flat |
| 123 | Suriname | 19.5% | 2025 | down 3.4% | rising |
| 124 | Equatorial Guinea | 19.4% | 2025 | up 11.4% | falling |
| 125 | South Korea | 18.9% | 2025 | down 2.9% | falling |
| 126 | Mauritius | 18.4% | 2025 | down 0.6% | falling |
| 127 | Poland | 18.3% | 2025 | down 23.1% | falling |
| 128 | New Caledonia | 18.1% | 2025 | up 11.3% | flat |
| 129 | Montenegro | 18.0% | 2025 | down 15.1% | flat |
| 130 | Palestine | 17.9% | 2022 | down 28.4% | falling |
| 131 | French Polynesia | 16.6% | 2025 | down 8.3% | falling |
| 132 | Czechia | 16.3% | 2025 | up 1.5% | rising |
| 133 | Slovakia | 16.2% | 2025 | down 2.3% | rising |
| 134 | Italy | 16.2% | 2025 | down 18.2% | falling |
| 135 | Netherlands | 15.7% | 2025 | up 6.4% | rising |
| 136 | Romania | 15.1% | 2025 | down 26.1% | falling |
| 137 | North Macedonia | 14.7% | 2025 | down 38.8% | falling |
| 138 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 14.5% | 2025 | down 28.5% | falling |
| 139 | New Zealand | 14.0% | 2025 | down 12.4% | falling |
| 140 | United Kingdom | 13.9% | 2025 | down 11.2% | rising |
| 141 | Puerto Rico | 13.8% | 2025 | up 5.4% | falling |
| 142 | Ireland | 13.0% | 2025 | down 27.2% | falling |
| 143 | Belgium | 12.9% | 2025 | down 9.7% | falling |
| 144 | Lithuania | 12.8% | 2025 | down 8.4% | falling |
| 145 | Maldives | 12.8% | 2025 | down 16.1% | falling |
| 146 | Slovenia | 12.7% | 2025 | down 23.1% | falling |
| 147 | Guam | 12.3% | 2025 | down 2.5% | falling |
| 148 | Finland | 12.1% | 2025 | down 17.9% | falling |
| 149 | South Africa | 11.9% | 2025 | up 29.9% | rising |
| 150 | Singapore | 11.8% | 2025 | up 15.0% | rising |
| 151 | Spain | 11.7% | 2025 | down 23.4% | falling |
| 152 | Malta | 11.4% | 2025 | down 10.2% | falling |
| 153 | Portugal | 10.9% | 2025 | down 25.7% | falling |
| 154 | Canada | 10.6% | 2025 | down 10.2% | rising |
| 155 | Australia | 10.4% | 2025 | down 17.8% | falling |
| 156 | Iceland | 10.3% | 2025 | down 35.4% | falling |
| 157 | Switzerland | 9.5% | 2025 | down 6.3% | falling |
| 158 | Cyprus | 9.2% | 2025 | down 35.5% | falling |
| 159 | France | 9.1% | 2025 | up 6.8% | falling |
| 160 | Jordan | 9.1% | 2025 | down 16.5% | falling |
| 161 | Estonia | 8.8% | 2025 | down 8.2% | falling |
| 162 | Sweden | 8.8% | 2025 | down 14.1% | falling |
| 163 | Latvia | 8.8% | 2025 | down 16.2% | falling |
| 164 | Hungary | 8.7% | 2025 | down 4.0% | falling |
| 165 | Austria | 8.4% | 2025 | down 21.2% | falling |
| 166 | Israel | 8.4% | 2025 | down 6.3% | falling |
| 167 | Croatia | 8.2% | 2025 | down 39.5% | falling |
| 168 | Japan | 8.0% | 2025 | down 11.8% | falling |
| 169 | Bulgaria | 7.9% | 2025 | down 4.2% | falling |
| 170 | Hong Kong | 7.8% | 2025 | down 2.1% | rising |
| 171 | United States Virgin Islands | 6.9% | 2025 | up 14.8% | rising |
| 172 | Luxembourg | 6.8% | 2025 | down 14.5% | flat |
| 173 | Belarus | 6.3% | 2025 | down 14.5% | falling |
| 174 | Denmark | 6.2% | 2025 | down 23.2% | falling |
| 175 | Norway | 5.2% | 2025 | down 24.3% | falling |
| 176 | Russia | 5.1% | 2025 | down 20.5% | flat |
| 177 | United States | 4.8% | 2025 | down 6.7% | falling |
| 178 | Germany | 4.7% | 2025 | down 33.1% | falling |
| 179 | Macao | 4.4% | 2025 | up 0.1% | falling |
| 180 | Oman | 3.5% | 2025 | up 3.3% | volatile |
| 181 | Brunei | 3.4% | 2025 | down 36.8% | falling |
| 182 | Kuwait | 2.9% | 2025 | up 287.9% | volatile |
| 183 | United Arab Emirates | 1.2% | 2025 | up 67.8% | volatile |
| 184 | Saudi Arabia | 1.1% | 2025 | down 54.5% | falling |
| 185 | Bahrain | 0.8% | 2025 | down 23.9% | falling |
| 186 | Qatar | 0.4% | 2025 | up 68.4% | volatile |
Regions and income groups
Aggregates are excluded from the country ranking above so that a region can never outrank a country.
- Low income 70.9%
- Heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC) 70.9%
- Least developed countries: UN classification 67.2%
- South Asia 67.1%
- South Asia (IDA & IBRD) 67.1%
- Africa Eastern and Southern 66.4%
- IDA only 65.0%
- Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding high income) 63.9%
- Sub-Saharan Africa 63.9%
- Sub-Saharan Africa (IDA & IBRD countries) 63.9%
- Pre-demographic dividend 63.7%
- Lower middle income 61.2%
About this data
Vulnerable employment is contributing family workers and own-account workers as a percentage of total employment.