Vulnerable employment, female (% of female employment) (modeled ILO estimate) by country
Vulnerable employment is contributing family workers and own-account workers as a percentage of total employment.
Countries reporting
186
Highest
96.2%
Chad
Lowest
0.6%
Bahrain
Median
28.8%
Years covered
35
1991–2025
Data points
8,176
What the numbers show
Vulnerable employment, female (% of female employment) (modeled ILO estimate) is currently reported for 186 countries. The highest value is 96.2% in Chad; the lowest is 0.6% in Bahrain.
The median across all reporting countries is 28.8%, and the mean is 37.1%.
The gap between the highest and lowest reporting country is a factor of about 155.
Over the past decade 43 countries rose and 143 fell. The largest increase was in Kuwait (up 306.6%), and the largest decrease in Croatia (down 54.0%).
Vulnerable employment, female (% of female employment): full country ranking
| # | Country | Latest | Year | 10-year change | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Chad | 96.2% | 2025 | down 0.2% | flat |
| 2 | Niger | 93.2% | 2025 | down 1.5% | rising |
| 3 | Afghanistan | 92.9% | 2025 | down 0.3% | falling |
| 4 | Sierra Leone | 91.3% | 2025 | down 0.7% | flat |
| 5 | Mozambique | 90.7% | 2025 | down 2.6% | falling |
| 6 | Nepal | 90.3% | 2025 | down 2.4% | falling |
| 7 | Burundi | 90.0% | 2025 | down 4.3% | falling |
| 8 | Liberia | 89.7% | 2025 | down 0.8% | flat |
| 9 | Congo | 89.6% | 2025 | down 0.6% | flat |
| 10 | Tanzania | 89.5% | 2025 | down 2.0% | falling |
| 11 | Madagascar | 88.1% | 2025 | down 2.1% | rising |
| 12 | Burkina Faso | 87.7% | 2025 | down 0.1% | flat |
| 13 | Democratic Republic of Congo | 87.4% | 2025 | down 2.9% | flat |
| 14 | Guinea | 86.6% | 2025 | down 3.7% | falling |
| 15 | Ethiopia | 86.5% | 2025 | down 3.5% | falling |
| 16 | Guinea-Bissau | 85.2% | 2025 | down 1.5% | flat |
| 17 | Central African Republic | 85.0% | 2025 | down 1.1% | flat |
| 18 | Togo | 84.2% | 2025 | down 5.8% | falling |
| 19 | Uganda | 83.7% | 2025 | down 0.9% | falling |
| 20 | Haiti | 83.6% | 2025 | up 1.3% | flat |
| 21 | Benin | 83.5% | 2025 | down 6.1% | falling |
| 22 | South Sudan | 82.8% | 2023 | down 4.3% | flat |
| 23 | Bhutan | 82.0% | 2025 | down 3.7% | flat |
| 24 | Angola | 81.5% | 2025 | up 0.8% | falling |
| 25 | Mali | 81.4% | 2025 | down 9.1% | falling |
| 26 | Laos | 81.2% | 2025 | down 3.8% | falling |
| 27 | Gambia | 80.7% | 2025 | down 2.1% | falling |
| 28 | Cote d'Ivoire | 80.1% | 2025 | down 4.9% | falling |
| 29 | Papua New Guinea | 79.5% | 2025 | down 2.6% | falling |
| 30 | Solomon Islands | 79.1% | 2025 | up 0.2% | flat |
| 31 | Zambia | 79.1% | 2025 | down 7.0% | falling |
| 32 | Nigeria | 79.1% | 2025 | down 3.6% | falling |
| 33 | India | 78.2% | 2025 | down 5.3% | falling |
| 34 | Cameroon | 77.1% | 2025 | down 7.4% | falling |
| 35 | Zimbabwe | 76.6% | 2025 | down 0.3% | flat |
| 36 | Senegal | 75.6% | 2025 | up 2.7% | flat |
| 37 | Pakistan | 73.2% | 2025 | down 2.1% | falling |
| 38 | Kenya | 73.2% | 2025 | up 4.5% | flat |
| 39 | Mauritania | 71.1% | 2025 | down 0.4% | falling |
| 40 | Comoros | 68.5% | 2025 | down 1.4% | falling |
| 41 | Bolivia | 67.6% | 2025 | down 6.6% | falling |
| 42 | Ghana | 66.8% | 2025 | down 16.0% | falling |
| 43 | Malawi | 66.4% | 2025 | down 1.6% | falling |
| 44 | Bangladesh | 64.6% | 2025 | down 10.3% | falling |
| 45 | East Timor | 64.2% | 2025 | down 1.7% | flat |
| 46 | Myanmar | 63.9% | 2025 | down 3.9% | falling |
| 47 | Yemen | 62.7% | 2025 | down 3.3% | flat |
| 48 | Vanuatu | 62.0% | 2025 | down 9.5% | falling |
| 49 | North Korea | 61.4% | 2025 | up 0.4% | flat |
| 50 | Somalia | 60.2% | 2025 | down 2.1% | falling |
| 51 | Moldova | 59.4% | 2025 | down 0.2% | rising |
| 52 | Ecuador | 59.2% | 2025 | up 6.8% | flat |
| 53 | Indonesia | 58.5% | 2025 | up 1.1% | falling |
| 54 | Azerbaijan | 58.5% | 2025 | down 7.2% | flat |
| 55 | Cambodia | 58.1% | 2025 | down 4.4% | falling |
| 56 | Vietnam | 57.1% | 2025 | down 10.5% | falling |
| 57 | Eritrea | 56.1% | 2025 | down 2.2% | falling |
| 58 | Sudan | 55.5% | 2022 | down 4.1% | falling |
| 59 | Peru | 52.5% | 2025 | down 10.2% | falling |
| 60 | Guatemala | 51.4% | 2025 | up 11.8% | rising |
| 61 | Djibouti | 48.2% | 2025 | down 4.5% | falling |
| 62 | Thailand | 48.1% | 2025 | down 5.0% | falling |
| 63 | Honduras | 47.0% | 2025 | down 10.5% | falling |
| 64 | Nicaragua | 46.3% | 2025 | down 3.1% | falling |
| 65 | Albania | 46.0% | 2025 | down 18.2% | falling |
| 66 | Cape Verde | 44.7% | 2025 | down 6.5% | falling |
| 67 | Rwanda | 43.1% | 2025 | down 11.1% | falling |
| 68 | Colombia | 40.8% | 2025 | down 3.1% | rising |
| 69 | Georgia | 40.4% | 2025 | down 23.9% | falling |
| 70 | Sri Lanka | 39.4% | 2025 | down 10.6% | flat |
| 71 | Philippines | 39.3% | 2025 | down 3.7% | falling |
| 72 | El Salvador | 39.0% | 2025 | down 11.6% | falling |
| 73 | Paraguay | 38.2% | 2025 | down 8.7% | falling |
| 74 | Gabon | 37.0% | 2025 | down 3.4% | falling |
| 75 | Namibia | 36.6% | 2025 | up 2.4% | falling |
| 76 | Mongolia | 36.5% | 2025 | down 20.1% | falling |
| 77 | Iraq | 36.1% | 2025 | down 5.9% | falling |
| 78 | Samoa | 35.8% | 2025 | down 5.8% | falling |
| 79 | Sao Tome and Principe | 35.8% | 2025 | down 1.1% | falling |
| 80 | Venezuela | 35.6% | 2025 | up 21.0% | rising |
| 81 | Iran | 35.6% | 2025 | down 16.8% | falling |
| 82 | Panama | 35.6% | 2025 | up 18.9% | rising |
| 83 | Tonga | 34.5% | 2025 | down 8.6% | falling |
| 84 | Belize | 34.2% | 2025 | up 37.9% | rising |
| 85 | Armenia | 34.1% | 2025 | down 31.7% | falling |
| 86 | Tajikistan | 33.3% | 2025 | down 6.3% | rising |
| 87 | Eswatini | 33.0% | 2025 | down 19.0% | falling |
| 88 | China | 32.7% | 2025 | down 13.6% | falling |
| 89 | Fiji | 30.6% | 2025 | down 17.5% | falling |
| 90 | Maldives | 30.5% | 2025 | down 8.9% | falling |
| 91 | Dominican Republic | 29.4% | 2025 | down 4.8% | falling |
| 92 | Egypt | 29.3% | 2025 | down 10.9% | flat |
| 93 | Lesotho | 28.9% | 2025 | down 6.4% | falling |
| 94 | Equatorial Guinea | 28.7% | 2025 | up 12.6% | falling |
| 95 | Mexico | 27.9% | 2025 | up 1.8% | falling |
| 96 | Turkmenistan | 27.5% | 2025 | down 11.0% | falling |
| 97 | Jamaica | 27.4% | 2025 | down 10.5% | falling |
| 98 | Botswana | 26.7% | 2025 | down 7.6% | rising |
| 99 | Turkey | 25.6% | 2025 | down 31.7% | falling |
| 100 | Kyrgyzstan | 25.3% | 2025 | down 28.0% | falling |
| 101 | Guyana | 25.2% | 2025 | down 23.9% | falling |
| 102 | Kazakhstan | 24.5% | 2025 | down 1.7% | falling |
| 103 | Uruguay | 23.4% | 2025 | up 9.4% | rising |
| 104 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 23.2% | 2025 | up 2.0% | falling |
| 105 | Syria | 22.7% | 2025 | down 3.8% | falling |
| 106 | Morocco | 22.6% | 2025 | down 13.0% | falling |
| 107 | Uzbekistan | 22.1% | 2025 | down 5.8% | falling |
| 108 | Serbia | 21.7% | 2025 | down 3.0% | falling |
| 109 | Brazil | 21.7% | 2025 | down 0.2% | falling |
| 110 | Algeria | 21.2% | 2025 | down 11.0% | falling |
| 111 | Chile | 21.0% | 2025 | up 2.0% | falling |
| 112 | Costa Rica | 20.9% | 2025 | down 16.0% | falling |
| 113 | Palestine | 20.9% | 2022 | down 40.1% | falling |
| 114 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 20.6% | 2025 | up 3.3% | rising |
| 115 | Argentina | 20.5% | 2025 | up 15.5% | falling |
| 116 | Greece | 20.3% | 2025 | down 15.4% | falling |
| 117 | Libya | 19.2% | 2025 | down 5.5% | rising |
| 118 | Ukraine | 18.2% | 2021 | up 0.0% | falling |
| 119 | Suriname | 16.7% | 2025 | down 3.3% | rising |
| 120 | South Korea | 16.2% | 2025 | down 19.4% | falling |
| 121 | Saint Lucia | 16.1% | 2025 | down 6.6% | rising |
| 122 | Cuba | 15.8% | 2025 | down 1.1% | rising |
| 123 | Malaysia | 15.0% | 2025 | down 3.6% | falling |
| 124 | Trinidad and Tobago | 13.9% | 2025 | up 19.4% | falling |
| 125 | Barbados | 12.7% | 2025 | up 16.5% | rising |
| 126 | French Polynesia | 12.5% | 2025 | down 1.0% | falling |
| 127 | Tunisia | 11.9% | 2025 | down 10.9% | falling |
| 128 | Italy | 11.8% | 2025 | down 9.3% | falling |
| 129 | South Africa | 11.4% | 2025 | up 16.6% | falling |
| 130 | Lebanon | 11.3% | 2023 | up 9.0% | falling |
| 131 | Poland | 11.1% | 2025 | down 41.6% | falling |
| 132 | Guam | 11.1% | 2025 | down 4.3% | falling |
| 133 | New Zealand | 10.9% | 2025 | down 9.7% | falling |
| 134 | Netherlands | 10.9% | 2025 | up 15.2% | rising |
| 135 | Romania | 10.3% | 2025 | down 39.4% | falling |
| 136 | Czechia | 10.1% | 2025 | down 7.7% | rising |
| 137 | Montenegro | 9.9% | 2025 | down 24.9% | rising |
| 138 | Bahamas | 9.8% | 2025 | up 21.9% | falling |
| 139 | Switzerland | 9.8% | 2025 | down 6.8% | falling |
| 140 | Mauritius | 9.6% | 2025 | down 48.1% | falling |
| 141 | New Caledonia | 9.4% | 2025 | down 3.6% | falling |
| 142 | North Macedonia | 9.3% | 2025 | down 50.0% | falling |
| 143 | United Kingdom | 9.0% | 2025 | down 0.8% | rising |
| 144 | Belgium | 8.9% | 2025 | down 0.8% | falling |
| 145 | Latvia | 8.5% | 2025 | up 0.6% | falling |
| 146 | Canada | 8.4% | 2025 | down 6.6% | flat |
| 147 | Portugal | 8.4% | 2025 | down 14.6% | falling |
| 148 | Malta | 8.2% | 2025 | up 15.9% | falling |
| 149 | Spain | 8.1% | 2025 | down 11.7% | falling |
| 150 | Slovenia | 8.1% | 2025 | down 34.4% | falling |
| 151 | Lithuania | 7.9% | 2025 | down 9.7% | falling |
| 152 | France | 7.8% | 2025 | up 30.8% | falling |
| 153 | Australia | 7.8% | 2025 | up 5.3% | falling |
| 154 | Cyprus | 7.3% | 2025 | down 30.6% | falling |
| 155 | Austria | 7.2% | 2025 | down 25.5% | falling |
| 156 | Luxembourg | 7.1% | 2025 | up 5.8% | falling |
| 157 | Israel | 6.9% | 2025 | up 0.2% | falling |
| 158 | Japan | 6.9% | 2025 | down 19.0% | falling |
| 159 | Hungary | 6.9% | 2025 | up 2.6% | falling |
| 160 | Finland | 6.7% | 2025 | down 5.1% | falling |
| 161 | Slovakia | 6.7% | 2025 | down 7.9% | rising |
| 162 | Belarus | 6.4% | 2025 | down 12.7% | falling |
| 163 | Puerto Rico | 6.3% | 2025 | up 11.0% | flat |
| 164 | Iceland | 6.2% | 2025 | down 17.6% | rising |
| 165 | Singapore | 6.1% | 2025 | up 10.9% | rising |
| 166 | Brunei | 6.1% | 2025 | up 4.3% | rising |
| 167 | Ireland | 5.8% | 2025 | down 11.0% | falling |
| 168 | Bulgaria | 5.8% | 2025 | down 7.9% | falling |
| 169 | Oman | 5.6% | 2025 | up 7.6% | falling |
| 170 | Estonia | 5.4% | 2025 | down 1.2% | falling |
| 171 | Sweden | 4.7% | 2025 | down 2.5% | falling |
| 172 | Russia | 4.7% | 2025 | down 13.5% | rising |
| 173 | Denmark | 4.5% | 2025 | down 4.0% | falling |
| 174 | Croatia | 4.3% | 2025 | down 54.0% | falling |
| 175 | Saudi Arabia | 4.1% | 2025 | up 258.3% | rising |
| 176 | United States Virgin Islands | 4.1% | 2025 | up 16.5% | rising |
| 177 | Germany | 3.9% | 2025 | down 23.4% | falling |
| 178 | Hong Kong | 3.8% | 2025 | down 3.4% | rising |
| 179 | Norway | 3.0% | 2025 | down 14.2% | falling |
| 180 | United States | 2.6% | 2025 | down 0.7% | falling |
| 181 | United Arab Emirates | 2.5% | 2025 | up 150.9% | volatile |
| 182 | Macao | 2.3% | 2025 | down 0.6% | falling |
| 183 | Jordan | 2.1% | 2025 | down 40.4% | falling |
| 184 | Qatar | 0.7% | 2025 | up 158.2% | rising |
| 185 | Kuwait | 0.7% | 2025 | up 306.6% | volatile |
| 186 | Bahrain | 0.6% | 2025 | down 29.2% | rising |
Regions and income groups
Aggregates are excluded from the country ranking above so that a region can never outrank a country.
- Heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC) 83.1%
- Low income 82.9%
- Pre-demographic dividend 82.3%
- Least developed countries: UN classification 80.5%
- Africa Western and Central 80.4%
- Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding high income) 79.2%
- Sub-Saharan Africa 79.2%
- Sub-Saharan Africa (IDA & IBRD countries) 79.2%
- Africa Eastern and Southern 78.2%
- IDA only 78.2%
- IDA total 76.9%
- South Asia 76.2%
About this data
Vulnerable employment is contributing family workers and own-account workers as a percentage of total employment.