Annual freshwater withdrawals, domestic (% of total freshwater withdrawal) by country
Annual freshwater withdrawals refer to total water withdrawals, not counting evaporation losses from storage basins. Withdrawals also include water from desalination plants in countries where they are a significant source. Withdrawals can exceed 100 percent of total renewable resources where extraction from...
Countries reporting
180
Highest
164.7%
Brunei
Lowest
0.5%
Somalia
Median
20.3%
Years covered
58
1965–2022
Data points
6,323
What the numbers show
Annual freshwater withdrawals, domestic (% of total freshwater withdrawal) is currently reported for 180 countries. The highest value is 164.7% in Brunei; the lowest is 0.5% in Somalia.
The median across all reporting countries is 20.3%, and the mean is 29.5%.
The gap between the highest and lowest reporting country is a factor of about 362.
Over the past decade 60 countries rose and 45 fell. The largest increase was in Iraq (up 301.5%), and the largest decrease in Austria (down 93.4%).
Annual freshwater withdrawals, domestic: full country ranking
| # | Country | Latest | Year | 10-year change | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Brunei | 164.7% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 2 | Monaco | 100.0% | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 3 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 100.0% | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 4 | Saint Kitts and Nevis | 98.7% | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 5 | Dominica | 95.0% | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 6 | Maldives | 94.9% | 2022 | unchanged | falling |
| 7 | Luxembourg | 91.2% | 2022 | down 0.1% | rising |
| 8 | Grenada | 85.1% | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 9 | Djibouti | 84.2% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 10 | Central African Republic | 82.9% | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 11 | Equatorial Guinea | 79.8% | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 12 | United Kingdom | 74.0% | 2022 | up 4.2% | rising |
| 13 | Jamaica | 73.4% | 2022 | up 245.1% | volatile |
| 14 | Congo | 69.5% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 15 | Democratic Republic of Congo | 68.0% | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 16 | Ireland | 66.1% | 2022 | up 0.9% | rising |
| 17 | Seychelles | 65.7% | 2022 | unchanged | falling |
| 18 | Malta | 63.9% | 2022 | up 72.1% | falling |
| 19 | Bahrain | 63.4% | 2022 | up 3.0% | rising |
| 20 | Togo | 63.1% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 21 | Panama | 62.7% | 2022 | up 6.1% | rising |
| 22 | Antigua and Barbuda | 62.6% | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 23 | Qatar | 62.4% | 2022 | up 5.8% | rising |
| 24 | Trinidad and Tobago | 62.0% | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 25 | Benin | 62.0% | 2022 | up 2.3% | rising |
| 26 | Gabon | 60.9% | 2022 | unchanged | falling |
| 27 | Botswana | 60.6% | 2022 | up 40.8% | rising |
| 28 | Cape Verde | 58.9% | 2022 | down 4.3% | rising |
| 29 | Papua New Guinea | 57.0% | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 30 | Palestine | 56.4% | 2021 | up 17.9% | rising |
| 31 | Liberia | 55.0% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 32 | Singapore | 54.9% | 2022 | up 19.8% | flat |
| 33 | Slovakia | 54.3% | 2022 | up 18.2% | rising |
| 34 | Switzerland | 53.7% | 2022 | down 10.5% | rising |
| 35 | Latvia | 53.4% | 2022 | down 14.9% | falling |
| 36 | Sierra Leone | 52.3% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 37 | Uganda | 51.5% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 38 | Mauritius | 50.6% | 2022 | up 42.8% | rising |
| 39 | Comoros | 48.0% | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 40 | United Arab Emirates | 47.7% | 2022 | up 18.9% | rising |
| 41 | Burkina Faso | 45.9% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 42 | Croatia | 45.8% | 2022 | up 6.5% | falling |
| 43 | Lesotho | 45.7% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 44 | Lithuania | 45.5% | 2022 | up 206.5% | volatile |
| 45 | Angola | 45.3% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 46 | Jordan | 45.0% | 2022 | up 8.0% | rising |
| 47 | Czechia | 43.3% | 2022 | up 25.1% | rising |
| 48 | Belarus | 42.4% | 2022 | up 15.3% | falling |
| 49 | Germany | 41.5% | 2022 | up 29.1% | rising |
| 50 | Denmark | 41.0% | 2022 | down 26.9% | falling |
| 51 | Gambia | 40.6% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 52 | Nigeria | 40.1% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 53 | Georgia | 39.0% | 2022 | up 2.5% | rising |
| 54 | Cyprus | 38.8% | 2022 | up 24.9% | rising |
| 55 | Rwanda | 38.3% | 2022 | up 11.9% | rising |
| 56 | Israel | 38.2% | 2021 | up 2.5% | rising |
| 57 | Sao Tome and Principe | 35.9% | 2022 | down 9.7% | falling |
| 58 | Kuwait | 35.9% | 2022 | down 10.9% | falling |
| 59 | Ukraine | 34.0% | 2022 | up 52.8% | rising |
| 60 | Sweden | 33.8% | 2022 | down 12.8% | rising |
| 61 | Costa Rica | 32.2% | 2022 | up 29.9% | rising |
| 62 | Algeria | 30.9% | 2022 | down 13.7% | rising |
| 63 | Fiji | 29.8% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 64 | South Sudan | 29.3% | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 65 | Saint Lucia | 29.1% | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 66 | Norway | 28.8% | 2022 | down 3.7% | falling |
| 67 | Iceland | 28.7% | 2022 | down 10.0% | falling |
| 68 | Albania | 27.7% | 2022 | down 14.4% | rising |
| 69 | Cote d'Ivoire | 27.5% | 2022 | down 11.9% | rising |
| 70 | Italy | 27.0% | 2022 | down 2.4% | rising |
| 71 | Netherlands | 26.5% | 2022 | up 133.8% | rising |
| 72 | Russia | 26.5% | 2022 | up 30.7% | rising |
| 73 | Guinea | 25.8% | 2022 | down 11.7% | rising |
| 74 | Mozambique | 25.3% | 2022 | up 1.9% | rising |
| 75 | Guatemala | 25.1% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 76 | Barbados | 24.7% | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 77 | South Korea | 24.6% | 2022 | down 5.7% | flat |
| 78 | Malaysia | 24.5% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 79 | Cuba | 24.4% | 2022 | down 4.5% | falling |
| 80 | Puerto Rico | 24.3% | 2022 | up 4.8% | rising |
| 81 | Brazil | 24.1% | 2022 | up 0.7% | flat |
| 82 | Tunisia | 22.7% | 2022 | up 43.0% | rising |
| 83 | Cameroon | 22.7% | 2022 | unchanged | falling |
| 84 | Venezuela | 22.6% | 2022 | unchanged | falling |
| 85 | El Salvador | 22.3% | 2022 | down 15.4% | rising |
| 86 | Namibia | 21.9% | 2022 | down 2.9% | flat |
| 87 | Slovenia | 21.6% | 2022 | up 24.2% | flat |
| 88 | France | 21.6% | 2022 | up 12.6% | rising |
| 89 | Poland | 21.5% | 2022 | up 21.5% | rising |
| 90 | Ghana | 20.5% | 2022 | up 5.5% | falling |
| 91 | China | 20.1% | 2022 | up 66.6% | rising |
| 92 | Moldova | 20.1% | 2022 | up 22.3% | rising |
| 93 | Honduras | 19.6% | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 94 | Kazakhstan | 19.4% | 2022 | up 66.9% | rising |
| 95 | Zambia | 18.4% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 96 | Guinea-Bissau | 17.9% | 2022 | unchanged | falling |
| 97 | Finland | 17.9% | 2022 | up 2.5% | flat |
| 98 | Armenia | 17.6% | 2022 | down 13.6% | falling |
| 99 | South Africa | 17.4% | 2022 | down 35.9% | falling |
| 100 | Japan | 17.0% | 2022 | down 9.3% | rising |
| 101 | Greece | 16.7% | 2022 | up 9.0% | rising |
| 102 | Iraq | 15.9% | 2022 | up 301.5% | volatile |
| 103 | Spain | 15.7% | 2022 | up 25.2% | flat |
| 104 | Argentina | 15.5% | 2022 | unchanged | falling |
| 105 | Romania | 15.4% | 2022 | down 5.1% | rising |
| 106 | Bulgaria | 15.4% | 2022 | down 7.2% | rising |
| 107 | Burundi | 15.4% | 2022 | unchanged | falling |
| 108 | Belgium | 15.0% | 2022 | up 3.6% | rising |
| 109 | Paraguay | 15.0% | 2022 | unchanged | falling |
| 110 | Portugal | 14.9% | 2022 | up 22.5% | rising |
| 111 | Nicaragua | 14.9% | 2022 | down 12.7% | flat |
| 112 | Mexico | 14.8% | 2022 | up 2.5% | rising |
| 113 | Australia | 14.5% | 2022 | down 37.9% | falling |
| 114 | North Macedonia | 14.1% | 2022 | up 4.0% | rising |
| 115 | Egypt | 13.9% | 2022 | up 4.5% | rising |
| 116 | Serbia | 13.8% | 2022 | down 21.7% | falling |
| 117 | Colombia | 13.7% | 2022 | down 20.8% | falling |
| 118 | Canada | 13.5% | 2022 | up 1.7% | rising |
| 119 | Hungary | 13.3% | 2022 | down 6.2% | falling |
| 120 | United States | 13.1% | 2022 | up 1.7% | rising |
| 121 | Haiti | 13.1% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 122 | Saudi Arabia | 13.1% | 2022 | up 7.8% | rising |
| 123 | Lebanon | 13.0% | 2022 | down 22.2% | falling |
| 124 | Ecuador | 13.0% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 125 | Kenya | 12.3% | 2022 | down 66.7% | falling |
| 126 | Peru | 12.1% | 2022 | up 85.9% | rising |
| 127 | Libya | 12.0% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 128 | Chad | 11.8% | 2022 | unchanged | falling |
| 129 | Bolivia | 11.5% | 2022 | up 42.5% | volatile |
| 130 | Belize | 11.3% | 2022 | unchanged | falling |
| 131 | Zimbabwe | 11.1% | 2022 | down 30.4% | flat |
| 132 | New Zealand | 11.1% | 2022 | down 18.3% | volatile |
| 133 | Turkey | 11.1% | 2022 | up 8.2% | falling |
| 134 | Indonesia | 10.7% | 2022 | up 9.1% | rising |
| 135 | Malawi | 10.5% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 136 | Philippines | 10.4% | 2022 | up 20.4% | rising |
| 137 | North Korea | 10.4% | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 138 | Morocco | 10.2% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 139 | Tanzania | 10.2% | 2022 | unchanged | falling |
| 140 | Bangladesh | 10.0% | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 141 | Myanmar | 10.0% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 142 | Mongolia | 9.8% | 2022 | down 34.2% | falling |
| 143 | Dominican Republic | 9.4% | 2022 | down 12.7% | falling |
| 144 | Uruguay | 9.4% | 2022 | down 7.8% | rising |
| 145 | Tajikistan | 9.2% | 2022 | up 86.2% | rising |
| 146 | Syria | 8.8% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 147 | Senegal | 8.6% | 2022 | down 3.2% | rising |
| 148 | East Timor | 8.4% | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 149 | Suriname | 8.0% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 150 | Ethiopia | 7.7% | 2022 | down 9.3% | falling |
| 151 | Niger | 7.5% | 2022 | up 51.7% | falling |
| 152 | Yemen | 7.4% | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 153 | India | 7.4% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 154 | Mauritania | 7.1% | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 155 | Oman | 6.8% | 2022 | down 5.4% | flat |
| 156 | Iran | 6.6% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 157 | Sri Lanka | 6.2% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 158 | Montenegro | 5.5% | 2022 | down 53.3% | volatile |
| 159 | Estonia | 5.4% | 2022 | up 44.2% | falling |
| 160 | Eritrea | 5.3% | 2022 | unchanged | falling |
| 161 | Pakistan | 5.3% | 2022 | unchanged | volatile |
| 162 | Uzbekistan | 5.2% | 2022 | down 0.1% | falling |
| 163 | Bhutan | 5.0% | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 164 | Thailand | 4.8% | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 165 | Cambodia | 4.5% | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 166 | Guyana | 4.2% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 167 | Chile | 4.0% | 2022 | up 4.5% | falling |
| 168 | Eswatini | 3.9% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 169 | Sudan | 3.5% | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 170 | Azerbaijan | 3.1% | 2022 | down 23.7% | falling |
| 171 | Kyrgyzstan | 2.9% | 2022 | unchanged | falling |
| 172 | Madagascar | 2.9% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 173 | Turkmenistan | 2.6% | 2022 | down 3.4% | rising |
| 174 | Mali | 2.1% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 175 | Laos | 1.8% | 2022 | down 9.3% | falling |
| 176 | Nepal | 1.6% | 2022 | unchanged | falling |
| 177 | Vietnam | 1.5% | 2022 | unchanged | falling |
| 178 | Austria | 1.5% | 2022 | down 93.4% | flat |
| 179 | Afghanistan | 1.0% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 180 | Somalia | 0.5% | 2022 | unchanged | volatile |
Regions and income groups
Aggregates are excluded from the country ranking above so that a region can never outrank a country.
- Pacific island small states 29.8%
- Africa Western and Central 24.7%
- Euro area 24.4%
- European Union 24.0%
- Central Europe and the Baltics 19.6%
- Europe & Central Asia 19.1%
- Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income) 17.7%
- High income 17.4%
- Post-demographic dividend 17.3%
- Late-demographic dividend 17.3%
- Latin America & Caribbean 16.5%
- Latin America & the Caribbean (IDA & IBRD countries) 16.3%
About this data
Annual freshwater withdrawals refer to total water withdrawals, not counting evaporation losses from storage basins. Withdrawals also include water from desalination plants in countries where they are a significant source. Withdrawals can exceed 100 percent of total renewable resources where extraction from nonrenewable aquifers or desalination plants is considerable or where there is significant water reuse. Withdrawals for domestic uses include drinking water, municipal use or supply, and use for public services, commercial establishments, and homes. Data are for the most recent year available for 1987-2002.