Work & Labour in Europe and Central Asia: Lower-middle income 59 indicators covering work & labour for Europe and Central Asia: Lower-middle income. IndicatorLatest Year10-yr change Rank Labour force (ILO modelled estimates) 20,697 2027 up 18.6% 74th Labour force participation rate (ILO modelled estimates) 53.49 2027 up 0.2% 73rd Persons outside the labour force (ILO modelled estimates) 17,996 2027 up 18.2% 75th Unemployment rate (ILO modelled estimates) 5 2027 down 13.7% 44th Labour dependency ratio 1.9 2027 up 1.9% 14th Output per worker, GDP constant 2021 international $ at PPP 29,300 2027 up 49.1% 66th Output per worker, GDP constant 2015 US $ 10,188 2027 up 49.4% 65th Employment-to-population ratio (ILO modelled estimates) 50.82 2027 up 1.0% 73rd Persons outside the labour force (ILO modelled estimates) (15+) 2.25 % change on previous year 2027 down 14.8% 20th Labour force (ILO modelled estimates) (15+), annual growth rate 1.35 % change on previous year 2027 up 79.2% 29th Employment 19,176 2025 up 18.7% 76th Employment (ILO modelled estimates) 19,176 2025 up 18.7% 76th Employment (ILO modelled estimates) (15+), annual growth rate 1.37 % change on previous year 2025 down 24.1% 33rd Employment (ILO modelled estimates), annual growth rate 1.37 % change on previous year 2025 down 24.1% 33rd SDG indicator 8.2.1: Annual growth rate of output per worker, GDP 4.28 2027 down 4.1% 6th SDG indicator 8.2.1: Annual growth rate of output per worker, GDP 4.28 2027 down 3.1% 6th Labour force participation rate (previous ILO definition - ICLS13) 53.49 2027 up 0.2% 73rd SDG indicator 10.4.1: Labour income share as a percent of GDP 40.8 2026 down 6.2% 71st Labour income share as a percent of GDP 40.8 2026 down 6.2% 71st LU2: Combined rate of time-related underemployment and unemployment 7.32 2027 down 18.0% 68th Total weekly hours worked of employed persons 797,934 2027 up 21.0% 74th Ratio of total weekly hours worked to population aged 15-64 22.67 2027 up 4.9% 74th Average weekly hours actually worked per employed person 40.58 2027 up 1.1% 32nd NEET: Youth not in employment, education or training 1,792 2027 down 14.8% 70th NEET rate: Share of youth not in employment, education or training 20.41 2027 down 18.0% 32nd Time-related underemployment rate (ILO modelled estimates) 2.44 2027 down 26.5% 75th Time-related underemployment (ILO modelled estimates) 480.7 2027 down 12.1% 80th Full-time equivalent employment (ILO modelled estimates) 19,948 2027 up 21.0% 74th LU2: Combined rate of time-related underemployment and unemployment 7.32 2027 down 18.0% 68th NEET: Youth not in employment, education or training (ILO modelled) 2.88 % change on previous year 2027 up 207.5% 12th Total weekly hours worked of employed persons (ILO modelled) 1.25 % change on previous year 2027 up 35.7% 33rd Time-related underemployment (ILO modelled estimates) (15+), annual 1.25 % change on previous year 2027 up 121.2% 38th SDG indicator 8.5.2: Unemployment rate (previous ILO definition) 5 2027 down 13.7% 44th Labour income distribution (ILO modelled estimates) 1 2025 down 6.7% 28th SDG indicator 8.6.1: Proportion of youth aged 15 to 24 years not in 20.41 2027 down 18.0% 32nd Labour income distribution (ILO modelled estimates) (Decile 1) 2.56 % change on previous year 2025 up 813.7% 7th SDG indicator 9.2.2: Manufacturing employment as a proportion of 10.76 2025 up 1.0% 54th SDG indicator 8.3.1: Proportion of informal employment in total 50.48 2027 down 2.1% 44th LU4: Composite measure of labour underutilization 1,930 2027 up 0.2% 83rd Jobs gap rate 10 2027 down 16.0% 56th Jobs gap 2,181 2027 down 1.5% 81st Potential labour force and willing non-jobseekers rate 5.2 2027 down 18.8% 58th Potential labour force and willing non-jobseekers 1,146 2027 down 4.6% 82nd Employment 19,176 2025 up 18.7% 74th SDG indicator 8.8.2: Level of national compliance with labour rights 4.3 2024 up 103.8% 27th Jobs gap rate 9.98 2027 down 15.8% 57th Jobs gap 2,181 2027 down 1.5% 81st LU3: Combined rate of unemployment and potential labour force 6.86 2027 down 11.3% 64th Informal employment rate 50.48 2027 down 2.1% 44th Informal employment 9,925 2027 up 17.1% 67th Potential labour force rate 1.96 2027 down 4.9% 73rd Potential labour force and willing non-jobseekers 1,146 2027 down 4.6% 82nd Potential labour force and willing non-jobseekers rate 5.25 2027 down 18.6% 58th Potential labour force rate 1.96 2027 down 4.9% 73rd Potential labour force 414.27 2027 up 12.7% 82nd LU4: Composite rate of labour underutilization 9.14 2027 down 15.4% 69th LU4: Composite measure of labour underutilization 1,930 2027 up 0.2% 83rd Labour force participation rate for persons ages 25 to 54 71.62 2023 down 5.3% 76th Labour force ages 25 to 54 26,115 2023 down 7.8% 67th